Companies could directly borrow money from the federal government through______

Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major【1】to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful【2】on the economy in at least four ways:Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system【3】the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and【4】of most highways? The【5】of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily【6】for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation【7】are also the responsibilities of local government.

Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private【8】in many-ways, for the【9】of assuring that business serves the best【10】of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a【11】, such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable【12】, but limits their ability to raise prices【13】, since the public depends on their services. Often control is【14】to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of【15】in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control.

Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by【16】tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also【17】the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself.

Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to【18】and individuals. For example, tariffs【19】certain products to remain relatively free of foreign con petition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to【20】better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.

(1)

A．economy

B．horror

C．magnifier

D．element

a．如果美联储保持货币供给不变，随着产出的波动，物价水平会发生什么变动？

b．如果美联储调整货币供给以稳定物价水平，随着产出的波动，货币供给会发生什么变动？

c．许多经济学家观察到，货币供给的波动与产出的波动正相关。这是反对实际经济周期理论的证据吗？

Suppose that prices are fully flexible and that the output of the economy fluctuates because of shocks to technology, as real business cycle theory claims.

a．If the Federal Reserve holds the money supply constant, what will happen to the price level as output fluctuates？

b．If the Federal Reserve adjusts the money supply to stabilize the price level, what will happen to the money supply as output fluctuates？

c．Many economists have observed that fluctuations in the money supply are positively correlated with fluctuations in output. Is this evidence against real business cycle theory？

A、A. "enhebrar agujas a la luz de la luna"

B、B. Comer Qiaoguo

C、C. Buscar el puente de urraca

D、

A、2

B、3

C、4

D、5

A、age

B、ethnicity

C、gender

D、situation

A、in the hotel

B、on the street

C、in shelters

D、in temporary accommodation