That organization made substantial payments to ________ an arms sales contract.

A、The issuing bank pays the beneficiary when the importer fails to fulfill the payment obligation.

B、Bank credit

C、The issuing bank is only bound by the letter of credit and has nothing to do with the trade contract

D、The bank guarantees to provide qualified goods to the importer

A、the remitter

B、the payee

C、the remitting bank

D、the paying bank

A、A. The irrevocable credit

B、B. The revocable credit

C、C. The confirmed credit

D、D. The irrevocable confirmed credit

A、futile

B、unassailable

C、anonymous

D、estimate

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500, 000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government, Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to 1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.

Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investment in new plants, staff, equipment and the like in order to perform. work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

A second risk is that White owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil right groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.

Notes:

civil rights activists 公民权利激进分子

Hispanics 西班牙后裔美国人

sizable orders 大额订单

subcontract 转包合同

on forms filed with the government 在政府存档备案

percentage goals 指标

apportionment 分配，分派

public works 市政工程

letup 减弱，缓和

promising as it is... 这是as引导的上步状语从句，表语倒装了

patronage 优惠

concern n. 公司

and the like 以及诸如此类的

crippling fixed expenses 引起损失的固定开支

the world of 大量的

bid 投标

to cash in on ...靠......赚钱

team up 一起工作, 合作

"fronts" 此处意为"摆门面"

Complacency 自满

The primary purpose of the text is to

A．present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.

B．describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.

C．propose a temporary solution to a problem.

D．analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

2009年8月1日，A市公交公司宣布从即日起公交票价普遍上调130%，市内环城公共汽车票价由原来的0.5元上涨至1元，郊区公共汽车票价则由第10公里2元上涨至4.5元

试分析：1.调整公共汽车票价是否需要举行价格听证会?为什么?

2.价格听证是否属于一项公共政策?它对公共管理会产生何种积极作用?

2008年初，某市人大常务委员会组成执法检查团，对该市预算外资金的使用情况进行了检查。在检查过程中，执法检查团发现有些单位和部门把预算外资金作为“小金库”，并运用这些资金搞基础设施建设、购买公车等。试分析：本案中所涉及的单位和部门在使用预算外资金时存在哪些问题?