Professor Black has us___a composition every Friday.

A．to write

B．write

C．written

D．writing

mid-night every day.

W: I wouldn't have troubled him so much if I had known he was so busy.

Q: What do we learn from the conversation？

(14)

A．The woman has trouble getting along with the professor.

B．The woman regrets having taken up much of the professor's time.

C．The woman knows the professor has been busy.

D．The woman knows the professor has run into trouble.

听力原文：M: Would you like a copy of Professor Black's article？

W: Thanks, if it's not too much trouble.

Q: What does the woman imply？

(16)

A．She has given the man much trouble.

B．She is not interested in the article.

C．She would like to have a copy of the article.

D．She doesn't want to take the trouble to read the article.

h.

A．notify

B．avail

C．inform

D．assure

Ebonics

Ebonics—also known by a host of other names such as African American Vernacular English, Black English, Black Vernacular, and so on—is an African-American language that has its roots in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, as African captives devised the means to communicate with each other and with their captors. In the South of the United States, these Pan-African languages co-mingled with Standard English and the Southern dialect. Many uniquely African-American components have arisen over the last two centuries, and all of these influences have forged what is now known as Ebonics.

In 1996, debates around the nature of "Ebonics" in the United States came to a head. That year, the Oakland Unified School District in California enacted Resolution 597-003, which officially recognized that African American students "as part of their culture and history as African people possess and utilize a language". Alternatively referred to as Ebonics (literally "black sounds"), African Communication Behaviors, and African Language Systems, this language was declared to be "genetically-based" rather than a dialect of Standard English.

Within the profession of language research and pedagogy, a strong consensus formed behind the Onus’s decision to recognize Ebonics. Linguistics professor John Rockford noted that Ebonics was not simply characterized by erroneous grammar and a large slang vocabulary, but that underlying this language was a structured form. and process of grammar and phonology that made English learning for Ebonics speakers far more complex a task than simply dropping bad habits. English teachers, Rockford counseled, must therefore accept and embrace these complexities.

The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) concurred with Rockford, adding that whether or not Ebonics should be defined as a dialect or a language does not matter in terms of its "validity". While linguists studying Ebonics typically restrain from prescribing edicts in favor of tracking changes in form. and style, the LSA did point to the fact that speakers of Swedish and Norwegian can typically understand each other while conversing in different "languages" whereas Mandarin and Cantonese speakers cannot understand each other's "dialects" to conclude that spatial and social tensions, rather than strict linguistic criteria, were the crucial factors in defining these terms.

For many others, however, the Onus’s decision was tantamount to endorsing lazy, vulgar and "broken" English—the equivalent, perhaps, of acknowledging "txt" speak or Internet slang as a valid form. of expression. Recognizing and fostering the use of informal, culturally-specific spoken language, say these detractors, traps users in a kind of linguistic ghetto in which they can interact with other disenfranchised and excluded citizens, but cannot engage within the public sphere in a meaningful way. Because of the dominance of Standard English in the United States, Ebonics-only speakers are essentially unable to go to university and work in high-valued professions, and they are unlikely to be delectable to any kind of public office (even in areas with a high density of black residents, those who lose their Ebonics-tinged speech patterns tend to be more trusted ).

Psychology professor Ladonna Lewis Rush has noted, however, that the Onus’s resolution did not promote Ebonics instruction as an alternative to Standard English in an either-or approach, but was intended to provide a better springboard for black achievement in English education. The systematic de-valuation of Ebonics in American society parallels, Rush has argued, the de-valuation of African-Americans in general. While a demeaning attitude can lead to social exclusion, teachers are suggested to think inclusively and encourage Ebonics speakers to use and celebrate their way of speaking while understanding that the language of the workplace, and of academics, is Standard English. Nobel Prize-winning journalist Toni Morrison has also found a reciprocal, mutually enriching use for both Ebonics and Standard English. "There are certain ideas and ways of thinking I cannot say without recourse to my Ebonics] language...I know the Standard English. I want to use it to restore the other language, the lingua franca."

In the media, the Ebonics controversy has mostly been portrayed as a revival of black-versus-white confrontation—his time over linguistic differences—but journalist Joan Walsh thinks there are basic elements inherent in the dispute that people do not want to openly discuss. She considers that there is increasing resentment by black parents and teachers who see enormous amounts of federal and state support going into Asian and Latino bilingual programmers. As immigration continues to increase, a greater proportion of the school budget is going into these programmers. The question has to be raised: why should immigrant children get English-language assistance as well as reinforcement of their own language and culture while native-born African-Americans get no such resources？ Walsh maintains inner city black children are more isolated than in the past and have less social interaction with those fluent in Standard English. For this reason they need help by trained teachers to translate the native tongue they hear at home into the English of the classroom.

Ebonics should be treated as a black contribution to culture in the way that jazz and rock-and-roll has been welcomed—the new vocabulary and imagery has added to the American language rather than devalued it. In Walsh's eyes there has always been "white mistrust of how black people handle their business", but "in the public realm, white disdain yields black intransigence more reliably than 'i' comes before 'e'."

Questions 27-30

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

Ebonics originated from the (27) The prisoners found a way to talk to other enslaved Africans as well as to (28) In southern USA several African languages mixed with English and the local (29) Over time, many distinctive (30) have been added to produce the Ebonics language of today.

(27)

hattan Institute，a conservative think tank：black segregation has hit its lowest point in more than a century—declining in all 85 0f the nation’S largest metropolitan areas．Nevertheless，the report is largely celebratory in tone，and it has been received in that fashion by much of the news media．Before we break out the champagne，however，it may be wise to pause and reflect for a moment on who was excluded from the analysis． Our nation’s prison population has more than quintupled(soaring from 300，000 in the mid．1970s to more than 2 million today)，due to a“get tough”movement and a war on drugs that has been waged almost exclusively in poor communities of color． Studies have consistently shown that people of color are no more likely to use or sell illegal drugs than whites，but a fierce drug war has been waged nonetheless，and harsh mandatory minimum sentences passed，leading to a prison—building boom unprecedented in world history．Despite this sea change，prisoners continue to be treated as nonentities in much sociological and economic analysis． In the Manhattan Institute study，prisoners are not even mentioned，despite the fact that millions of poor people--——0verwhelmingly people of color —are removed from their communities and held in prisons，often hundreds of miles from home．Most new prison construction has occurred in predominately white，rural communities，and thus a new form. of segregation has emerged in recent years．Bars and walls keep hundreds of thousands away from mainstream society—a forE of apartheid unlike the world has even seen．If all of them suddenly returned，they would not be evenly throughout the nation’s population．Instead they would return to a relatively small number of communities defined by race and class，greatly intensifying the levels of segregation we see today． Those who imagine that the failure to account for prisoners can’t possibly affect the analysis would be wise to consider the distortion of unemployment figures in recent years． According to Harvard professor Bruce Western， standard unemployment figures underestimate the true jobless rate by as much as 24 percentage points for less educated black men．In fact．during the l990s——the economic—boom years——noncollege black men were the only group that experienced a sharp increase in unemployment，a development directly traceable to the sudden explosion of the prison population． At the same time that unemployment rates were sinking to record low levels for the general population，the true jobless rate among noncollege black men soared to a staggering 42％ Prisoners do matter when analyzing the severity of racial inequality in the U．S．Yet because they are out of sight and out of mind，it is easy to imagine that we are making far more racial progress than we actually are．For now，let’s keep the cork in the bottle and pray that we will eventually awaken from our color—blind slumber to the persistent realities of race in America． The news media’s response toward the research results announced by the Manhattan Institute is______．

A.negative

B.positive

C.neutral

D.suspicious

Professor Black had us ______ compositions every Friday.

A．to write

B．written

C．write

D．writing

Professor Black had us ______ compositions every Friday.

A．to write

B．written

C．write

D．wrote

根据以下材料，回答题

Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way， or into__________ （51）， from computer commands made miles away. They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day， said Shane Farritor， an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.

For example， if workers arrived at 6 am， the cones could move from the side of the highway to__________（52） offthe lane at that time. And they can return to the __________（53） place at the end of the day. "It just seems like a very good application for robots." Farritor said. "The robotic cones would also help__________（54） people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，" Farritor said in a report on his creation.

Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. The __________ （55）allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.

The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are __________（56） enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. "It would look exactly the same，"Farritor said. " __________ （57） there"s a kind of rubbery， black base to them. We replace that__________（58） a robot."

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most__________ （59） to what they might need.

The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation， like

painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt， __________（60） now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation__________ （61）. "That way you don"t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation，" Farritor said.

__________ （62） prototypes have been made， they are not in use anywhere.Farritor said he has __________（63） for a patent and is considering what to do next. He is thinking about starting a small business. He is also thinking about __________（64） the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may __________（65） from them.

回答（51）题 查看材料

A.work

B.place

C.order

D.action