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The Canadian unions tend to strive for wage parity, with their counterparts in the United
A.equality
B.promotion
C.criterion
D.stipulation
A.equality
B.promotion
C.criterion
D.stipulation
Some scholars have associated trade unions with the medieval craft guilds(中世纪的行会), but there are important differences between the two. The guild members were master craftsmen who owned capital and often employed workers. Unions are known as associations of workers with similar skills.
In the past, individual workers had no control over the conditions of their working lives; political and economic power was concentrated in the hands of wealthy business owners. Workers found, however, that there was strength in uniting. From their earliest years, union objectives have been higher wages and improved working conditions.
Employers resisted, of course. They made great efforts to stop union organizing its activities. Union members were fired, workers were forced to sign contracts in which they promised not to join a union, and companies hired strikebreakers (破坏罢工者) and even gunmen to frighten organizers.
One of the earliest successful labor organizations in the United States was the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869. The Knights, which included both skilled and unskilled workers, attempted to organize all workers into one great union. Alter it successfully struck the Wabash railroad owned by Jay Gould in 1885, its popularity and power grew dramatically. In 1886 the Knights had 700,000 members.
The decline of the Knights of Labor, however, came quickly. The strike against Gould was gradually broken, and the Knights’ radical positions on social issues cost them public support. In the end, a lack of unity as well as the rapid inflow of unskilled immigrants weakened the union’s economic power, and the organization came to an end.
A. Management’s Reaction to the Labor Movement
B. The Decline of an Early Union
C. Reasons for Starting a Union
D. Comparison between the Unions and the Medieval Craft Guilds
E. Foundation
F. The Development of an Early Union
Paragraph 2 ______
A、inherently
B、inherence
C、inherent
D、coherent
A、Black tea
B、Dark tea
C、Green tea
D、Yellow tea
A、shoulder joint
B、sternoclavicular joint
C、elbow joint
D、hip joint
•For each question 15—20, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) for the answer you choose.
With euro bills and coins now circulating across much of Europe, the European Monetary Union is fully in place. The post-World War Ⅱ European leaders' dream of an economically and politically unified continent is one large step closer to realization, and membership in the monetary union could easily grow to 20 or more countries from the current 12 as the large European Union expands to the east. A fully operational European Monetary Union does not come, however, with a guarantee of success. There is one enormous problem: This union creates a single monetary policy for group of quite different national economies that often experience divergent business-cycle patterns.
As long as business-cycle conditions differ significantly among European Monetary Union countries, there is no way for the central bank's policies to avoid creating serious problems for some members. The patterns of economic ups and downs remain far more diverse in the European Monetary Union countries, and it is not clear that this will change soon. The designers of the monetary union thought that the demand of a single monetary policy, combined with free trade a mong the members, would cause cyclical conditions to converge quickly, producing a unified group of economies.
A 1997 agreement also limits the power of the individual nations in the European Monetary Union to use government spending or tax cuts to ease national downturns. They can be fined if they run budget deficits of more than 3 percent of their gross domestic products. No fines have been levied yet, but the threat is there.
Even if the economies of the original European Monetary Union members become more similar in their cyclical behavior, it will take far longer for the convergence to include the new member nations expected to come in within the next 10 or 15 years. The chances for consensus on the Governing Council, however thin now, will become far more distant with more members representing divergent national economies. And the larger nations, like Germany, France and Italy, might well resent the power of representatives from much smaller nations to outvote them on monetary policy.
All of this does not mean that the European Monetary Union is likely to fail. But clearly the arrival of the euro as the standard currency does net guarantee the union's success.
According to Para 1, which of the following is true?
A.The euro has become exclusively universal currency now.
B.The dream of a unified European union has become a reality.
C.The European Monetary Union is affiliated to the European Onion.
D.There are 20 member nations in the European Monetary Union.
It's the little boy ____ often helps others ____ wins the first prize. |
[ ] |
A. who; which B. which; that C. who; that D. which; which |
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