货币总需求（aggregate money demand)

假设实际货币总需求出现下降，即实际货币总需求函数(曲线)向左移动。试分析实际货币总需求下降对汇率、利率和价格水平的短期影响和长期影响。

Suppose there is a reduction in aggregate real money demand，that is，a negative shift in the aggregate real money demand function．Trace the short-run and long-run effects on the exchange! rate，interest rate，and price level．

均规模的下降，这对于分析货币总需求的变化是否重要？

How would you expect a fall in a country's population to alter its aggregate money demand function？ Would it matter if the fall in population were due to a fall in the number of households or to a fall in the average size of a household？

对下列每一个问题给出代数式回答，然后用语言解释你的答案背后的经济学。

a．投资对利率的反应的敏感程度如何影响总需求曲线的斜率？

b．货币需求对利率的反应的敏感程度如何影响总需求曲线的斜率？

c．边际消费倾向如何影响总需求对政府购买变动的反应程度？

Give an algebraic answer to each of the following questions. Then explain in words the economics that underlies your answer.

a．How does the sensitivity of investment to the interest rate affect the slope of the aggregate demand curve？

b．How does the sensitivity of money demand to the interest rate affect the slope of the aggregate demand curve？

c．How does the marginal propensity to consume affect the response of aggregate demand to changes in government purchases？

总需求(aggregate demand)

假设美联储减少货币供给5%：

a．总需求曲线会发生什么变动？

b．短期和长期产出与物价水平会发生什么变动？

c．根据奥肯定理，短期和长期失业会发生什么变动？

d．短期和长期实际利率会发生什么变动？

Suppose the Fed reduces the money supply by 5 percent.

a．What happens to the aggregate demand curve？

b．What happens to the level of output and the price level in the short run and in the long run？

c．According to Okun's law, what happens to unemployment in the short Fun and in the long run？ (Hint: Okun's law is the relationship between output and unemployment discussed in Chapter 2.)

d．What happens to the real interest rate in the short run and in the long run？ (Hint: Use the model of the real interest rate in Chapter 3 to see what happens when output changes.)

为什么总需求曲线向右下方倾斜？

Why does the aggregate demand curve slope downward？

解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因。

Explain why the aggregate demand curve slopes downward.