Smokers are easy to suffer from inflammatory headaches becau..

第1题

SmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a

Smoking

Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.

Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers, in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.

Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form. deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.

Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slighfiy reduce, not eliminate the hazards.

It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

点击查看答案

第2题

根据材料请回答 16～22 SmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determ

根据材料请回答 16～22

Smoking

Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard.The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasona-ble doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy (预期寿命).

Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body.Male cigarette smokers have higher death rate from heart disease than none-smoking males.Female cigarette smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.

Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body.Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids.There is also nicotine (尼古丁), which is powerful poison, and black tar.As smoke is breathed in, all those components form. deposits on the membranes (膜) of the lungs.One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides.Most lung cancer begins at this point.

Filters (过滤嘴) and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent sa-fer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate, the hazards.

第 16 题 It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

点击查看答案

第3题

"I smoke for my health," I declared in a newspaper article published in 1979.（46) . I reas

"I smoke for my health," I declared in a newspaper article published in 1979. (46) . I reasoned that smoking made me cough and thus prevented pneumonia (肺炎); smoking made my heart go faster and eliminated the need for special exercise; smoking restrained my appetite and kept me trim. And then, at 51, I had a heart attack.

I knew the risk factors for early heart attacks include hypertension, diabetes(糖尿病), and a family history of heart disease, high blood-cholesterol (胆固醇)levels and smoking. (47) .

Strange how the evidence that linked smoking to heart disease appeared unclear to me, and how the same data now appear overwhelmingly convincing. Why stop now？ Smokers who stop after their first heart attack have an 80-percent chance of living ten more years-- (48) .

As a smoker, I always resented the fact that we smokers received only scorn from non-smokers. How could non-smokers know that smoking was had for the health if there were no smokers to prove it？ Being a member of the experimental group, rather than the control group, deserves a certain measure of social appreciation. I've done my time. I' m now ready to be a control. I no longer smoke for my health. My health can' t stand the help.

Will I miss the late - night trips to find a store that's still open and selling cigarettes？ Will I miss searching through ashtrays(烟灰缸)to find the longest butt(烟蒂) that is still smokable？ Only time will tell. Not smoking may give me the time to find out.

(49) Sure. Here is all you have to do. First, experience a severe crushing pain under your breastbone as you finish a cigarette. Next, have yourself admitted to a coronary-care(心脏康复)unit and be stripped of your clothing and belongings. Finally, remain in the unit at absolute bed rest for four days while smoking is forbidden. This broke my habit (50)

A. Was it easy to stop？

B. if they don't, a 60 percent chance.

C. See if it works for you.

D. All the smokers find it's hard to stop.

E. Since I am a doctor, this advice attracted amused attention.

F. The first four were in my favour, but I chose to smoke.

(46)

点击查看答案

第4题

Passage 3Electronic cigarettes are handheld nicotine-delivery devices that, despite, a dev

Passage 3

Electronic cigarettes are handheld nicotine-delivery devices that, despite, a devoted following, are currently swirling in controversy. New York is pushing to become the first state to ban the devices, which so far remain _1_ and mostly unstudied. With cute colors, fruity flavors clever designs and other options, e-cigarettes may hold too much _2_ for young people, critics warn, offering an easy gateway to nicotine addiction. But those criticisms clash with _3_ strong arguments for the value of e-cigarettes. The devices, which are tobacco-free, may be a safer _4_ to cigarettes, say advocates, who point to thousands of smoker who say they have used e-cigarettes to help them quit Electronic cigarettes _5_ use a rechargeable battery-operated heating element to vaporize the nicotine in a replaceable pipe. Nicotine is the substance in tobacco that people can become addicted to. Some cigarettes are made to look like real cigarettes, cigars or pipes. Others look like pens or USB memory devices. No tobacco is _6_ in e-cigarettes and there is no smoke either. Instead, as users breathe in, they take in nicotine-filled vapor. By isolating nicotine, e-cigarettes should carry far fewer chemical risks than _7_ cigarettes. Tobacco contains about 5,000 _8_ chemicals with as many as 100,000 more that haven’t yet been known. E-cigarettes _9_ many of those ingredients. Researchers also found evidence that e-cigarettes reduce desires among smokers, not just for nicotine but also for the need to hold something in their hands and put something in their mouths. As a cigarette-quitting strategy, it’s not that the devices are good for anyone, but they are just better than what they’re meant to _10_.

A) alternative

B) engaged

C) regular

D) opaque

E)involved

F)typically

G)solely

H) appeal

I) momentum

J) equally

K) replace

L) unregulated

M) eliminate

N) detect

O)identified

第1空答案是：

点击查看答案

第5题

It's seven weeks into the new year. Do you know where your resolution is？ If you're like m

illions of Americans, you probably vowed to lose weight, quit smoking and drink less in the new year. You kicked off January with a commitment to long-term well-being--until you came face-to-face with a cheeseburger. You spent a bundle on a shiny new gym pass. Turns out, it wasn't reason enough for you to actually use the gym.

People can make poor decisions when it comes to health--despite their best intentions. It's not easy abiding by wholesome choices (giving up French fries) when the consequences of not doing so (heart disease) seem so far in the future. Most people are bad at judging their health risks: smokers generally know cigarettes cause cancer, but they also tend to believe they're less likely than other smokers to get it. And as any snack-loving dieter can attest, people can be comically inept at predicting their future .behavior. You swear you will eat just one potato chip but don't stop until the bag is empty.

So, what does it take to motivate people to stick to the path set by their conscious brain？ How can good choices be made to seem more appealing than bad ones？ The problem stumps doctors, public-health officials and weight-loss experts, but one solution may spring from an unlikely source. Meet your new personal trainer: your boss.

American businesses have a particular interest in personal health, since worker illness costs them billions each year in insurance claims, sick days and high staff turnover. A 2008 survey of major US employers found that 64% consider their employees' poor health decisions a serious barrier to affordable insurance coverage. Now some companies are tackling the motivation problem head on, using tactics drawn from behavioral psychology to nudge their employees to get healthy.

"It's a bit paradoxical that employers need to provide incentives for people to improve their own health," says Michael Follick, a behavioral psychologist at Brown University and president of the consultancy Abacus Employer Health Solutions.

Paradoxical, maybe, but effective. Consider Amica Mutual Insurance, based in Rhode Island. Arnica seemed to be doing everything right: it boasts an on-site fitness center at its headquarters. It pays toward Weight Watchers and smoking-cessation help, gives gift cards to reward proper prenatal care and offers free flu shots each year. Still, in the mid-2000s, about 7% of the company's insured population, including roughly 3 100 employees and their dependents, had diabetes. "We manage risk. That's our core business," says Scott Boyd, Amica's director of compensation and benefits. But diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees had doubled in four years. "We thought, OK," Boyd says now, "we have to manage these high-risk groups a little better. "

In the first paragraph, we can infer that the Americans ______.

A．vow to diet in the new year

B．fear to lose weight

C．have poor decision in keeping healthy diet

D．succeed in losing weight

点击查看答案

第6题

Stopping Smoking: ASH's 15 Tips—Action on Smoking and Health 1. Get Professional Help Ring

Stopping Smoking: ASH's 15 Tips—Action on Smoking and Health

1. Get Professional Help

Ring the helpline on Freephone 0800-169-0169 for information and advice. Pregnant women seeking help in stopping smoking can call the pregnancy Quit line on 0800-169-9169. Specialist help lines are also available in Asian languages. Your doctor, pharmacist, or health visitor should also give advice and they should tell you if there are special services for smokers in your area.

2. Prepare Mentally

You are not alone! 70% of British smokers would like to quit and about 3 million try each year. More than 11 million people in Britain have quit and are now ex-smokers. However, it can be tough and you will need lots of willpower to break the hold of nicotine--a powerful and addictive drug. An important part of this is to know what you would gain and what you would lose from stopping smoking. One ex-60-a-day smoker (Allen Cart, author of best-selling The Easy Way to Stop Smoking) says:

"There is absolutely nothing to give up... there is no genuine pleasure or crutch in smoking. It is just an illusion, like banging your head against a wall to make it pleasant when you stop."

3. Demolish Smoking Myths

Soon after smoking a cigarette the body and brain start to want more nicotine and many people begin to feel increasingly uncomfortable until they have the next cigarette. Smoking feels pleasurable, but much of the pleasure of smoking is relief of withdrawal from nicotine. There are times that many people feel distracted or unable to enjoy themselves. This is nicotine withdrawal in action. See it this way, cigarettes are not a familiar friend but more like a greedy parasite demanding constant attention.

4. Understand What to Expect

Most people find the first few days difficult and for some it can be a long struggle, but things will typically start to get better after the third or fourth day. Nicotine withdrawal may make you restless, irritable, frustrated, sleepless, or accident prone--but these things will pass and you will quickly start to feel the benefits.

5. Make a List of Reasons Why You Want to Stop Smoking

It means different things to different people, but if you know what you want from stopping, it could help you through the most difficult moments.

6. Consider the Money

Main brand cigarettes now cost ￡4.48 after the April 2003 budget. The table shows how much smoking costs at current prices.

7. Set a Date

Some people make a New Year's Day resolution, others pick their birthday, and you can join in with others on No Smoking Day the second Wednesday of every March when up to a million smokers have a go. Any day will do, but choosing a date will help mental preparation.

8. Involve Friends or Family

If you live with someone else that smokes, it will be much easier to quit if you do it together. When expecting a baby, both parents should do it together. One common mistake is not to take the effort to quit smoking seriously enough. Really putting your whole commitment behind it will help you have the right frame. of mind to face the challenge.

9. Deal with Nicotine Withdrawal

Nicotine is a powerful addictive drug and you can roughly double the chances of successfully quitting smoking by using nicotine replacement therapies such as patches, lozenges, inhalers, and/or gum. The idea is to come off nicotine gradually by using a low nicotine dose to take the edge off the cravings and have a "soft landing". Nicotine products include Nicorette, NiQuitin CQ and Nicotinell. An alternative to nicotine products is the drug Zyban which is only available on prescription. Although it is proven to be effective, as with all drugs there is a risk of side effects and

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

点击查看答案

第7题

Stopping Smoking: ASH's 15 Tips—Action on Smoking and Health

1. Get Professional Help

Ring the helpline on Freephone 0800-169-0169 for information and advice. Pregnant women seeking help in stopping smoking can call the pregnancy Quit line on 0800-169-9169. Specialist help lines are also available in Asian languages. Your doctor, pharmacist, or health visitor should also give advice and they should tell you if there are special services for smokers in your area.

2. Prepare Mentally

You are not alone! 70% of British smokers would like to quit and about 3 million try each year. More than 11 million people in Britain have quit and are now ex-smokers. However, it can be tough and you will need lots of willpower to break the hold of nicotine--a powerful and addictive drug. An important part of this is to know what you would gain and what you would lose from stopping smoking. One ex-60-a-day smoker (Allen Cart, author of best-selling The Easy Way to Stop Smoking) says:

"There is absolutely nothing to give up... there is no genuine pleasure or crutch in smoking. It is just an illusion, like banging your head against a wall to make it pleasant when you stop."

3. Demolish Smoking Myths

Soon after smoking a cigarette the body and brain start to want more nicotine and many people begin to feel increasingly uncomfortable until they have the next cigarette. Smoking feels pleasurable, but much of the pleasure of smoking is relief of withdrawal from nicotine. There are times that many people feel distracted or unable to enjoy themselves. This is nicotine withdrawal in action. See it this way, cigarettes are not a familiar friend but more like a greedy parasite demanding constant attention.

4. Understand What to Expect

Most people find the first few days difficult and for some it can be a long struggle, but things will typically start to get better after the third or fourth day. Nicotine withdrawal may make you restless, irritable, frustrated, sleepless, or accident prone--but these things will pass and you will quickly start to feel the benefits.

5. Make a List of Reasons Why You Want to Stop Smoking

It means different things to different people, but if you know what you want from stopping, it could help you through the most difficult moments.

6. Consider the Money

Main brand cigarettes now cost ￡4.48 after the April 2003 budget. The table shows how much smoking costs at current prices.

7. Set a Date

Some people make a New Year's Day resolution, others pick their birthday, and you can join in with others on No Smoking Day the second Wednesday of every March when up to a million smokers have a go. Any day will do, but choosing a date will help mental preparation.

8. Involve Friends or Family

If you live with someone else that smokes, it will be much easier to quit if you do it together. When expecting a baby, both parents should do it together. One common mistake is not to take the effort to quit smoking seriously enough. Really putting your whole commitment behind it will help you have the right frame. of mind to face the challenge.

9. Deal with Nicotine Withdrawal

Nicotine is a powerful addictive drug and you can roughly double the chances of successfully quitting smoking by using nicotine replacement therapies such as patches, lozenges, inhalers, and/or gum. The idea is to come off nicotine gradually by using a low nicotine dose to take the edge off the cravings and have a "soft landing". Nicotine products include Nicorette, NiQuitin CQ and Nicotinell. An alternative to nicotine products is the drug Zyban which is only available on prescription. Although it is proven to be effective, as with all drugs there is a risk of side effects and

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

点击查看答案

第8题

A．researchersB．patientsC．membersD．smokers

A.researchers

B.patients

C.members

D.smokers

点击查看答案

第9题