题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
Sanitary waste matter will .(1)pass through a screen or cutters (2)come into contact with the bacteria in a tank (3)be discharged, normally without bacteria
A.(1)
B.(1)(2)
C.(2)(3)
D.(1)(2)(3)
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第三组：
The sewage treatment system must be capable of discharging an effluent that comes within the limits of the tests. Sewage can be treated biologically so that it may be discharged with minimal damage to ecosystem. Biological treatment involves the use of living organisms to treat the sewage within the sewage treatment plant so the liquids and sludge discharged are within the standards specified.
Biological treatment plants are usually built up as a module and consist of various sections.
Waste matter collected from the ships sanitary appliances is led through a sanitary piping system to the treatment module. The solid matter is broken up by passing it through a screen or a series of revolving cutters. The broken up solid material, together with the waste liquid, passes into a tank containing bacteria which require oxygen and a nutrient to propagate. The nutrient is contained in the solid waste material, and oxygen is supplied by bubbling compressed air through the broken up waste. The propagated bacteria change the waste material into a sludge by aerobic digestion. The sludge is finally treated to kill the coliform. bacteria before it is passed overboard.
When a biological sewage plant is started up, such as when activating a new ship or after cleaning out the tank, a pellet containing bacteria is introduced into the tank. It takes approximately one week for the bacteria to propagate and make the system fully effective. The choice of sanitary appliance cleaners requires extreme care, as many cleaners are toxic to the active bacteria. Once a biological sewage plant is made active it should not be shut down. If it is it will have to be reactivated again because the bacteria will die without a supply of nutrients and oxygen.
Bacteria that require oxygen for their survival are referred to as aerobic. Aerobic bacteria are normally used in ships&39; sewage treatment equipment. Other forms of bacteria that do not require oxygen are referred to as anaerobic. Anaerobic bacteria are used in shore based sewage treatment works where methane is obtained as a by-product for use as fuel.
This passage is mainly about
A.sewage treatment methods
B.the various sections of a sewage treatment plants
C.biological sewage treatment system
D.how the sewage treatment plants are started up
Recycling Resources (资源再生)
Increased population increases the need for natural resources and also increases waste products．Making a new useful product out of a waste product decreases our need for natural resources． Recycling means using something over again after it has been used once.
Have you ever seen a piece of recycled paper？ About one third of all the paper products made each year are made from waste paper．For example, recycled paper is usually used to make paper sacks． 'Recycling paper, such as newspapers, reduces the number of trees that must be cut each year to make new paper.
Each person produces a lot of solid waste．In the United States, the average is eight kilograms of waste per person each day．Most of the waste is garbage and rubbish．Finding places to dispose of solid waste is a major problem.
In many cities solid.wastes are collected and the rubbish is burned in incinerator plants (焚化厂)．Air pollution control devices are used to prevent pollution Heat produced in the burning may be used to generate electricity．Waste that is not burned is taken to a dump． One kind of dump for the disposal of solid wastes is a sanitary(卫生的)landfill（垃圾填埋场）． This method involves burying the waste and bulldozing (用推土机推) soil over them． Parks, baseball fields, airports, and other developments may be buiIt on completely filled landfills,
Recycling solid wastes decreases our need for methods of disposal．The metal in broken cars can be recycled and made into new steel．Worn out rubber tires can be turned into new ones and used again．Plastics and other rubber products can be recycled．Metal cans and glass bottles can also be recycled．Increased recycling can help meet the increased demand for natural resources.
By recycling resources, people imitate nature．Elements important to life are naturally recycled．Nothing lasts forever．Wooddecays, iron rusts (生锈), and concrete is worn away by wind and rain．All natural resources used by people eventually go back into the air, water, and earth.
第 41 题 What is the main cause of the increased waste, according to the passage？
A．Expansion of cities.
B．Development of the paper making industry.
C．Increased population.
D．Lack of recycling methods
The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.
The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.
Notes:
heretic 异教徒
sanitary 卫生的
for the most part 基本上
receptacle 储存地
According to the text, no measures were resorted to in environmental protection after World War Ⅱ in Japan because
A．they were reckoned to be unnecessary.
B．they would check economic development.
C．no one was much interested in them.
D．pollution was held as inevitable at that time.
The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.
The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly, in the food chain.
Notes: heretic 异教徒。sanitary 卫生的。for the most part 基本上。receptacle 储存地。
According to the text, no measures were resorted to in environmental protection after World War Ⅱ in Japan because _____.
A．they were reckoned to be unnecessary.
B．they would check economic development.
C．no one was much interested in them.
D．pollution was held as inevitable at that time.
【3】The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated b v the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutes. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or tess ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.
【4】The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods.【5】This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air-and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover the Japanese diet was niche more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.
(76)
Landfilis
You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensiis and napkins into the trash can. You don't think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don't have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.
Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash？ Some gets recycled (回收利用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfilis.
How Much Trash Is Generated？
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metais) or composted (使成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.
How Is Trash Disposed of？
The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfilis. The amount of trash buried in landfilis bas doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfilis.
What Is a Landfill？
There are two ways to bury trash：
Dump-an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animais (rats, mice, birds). (This is most people's idea of a landfill!)
Landfill-carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary landfill-landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill-landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose (腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.
Proposing the Landfill
For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.
In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfilis are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:
he area of land necessary for the landfill
the composition Of the underlying soil and bedrock
the flow of surface water over the site
the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife
the historical value of the proposed site
Building the Landfill
Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction beg
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Landfills
You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don't think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don't have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.
Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600.000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash？ Some gets recycled (回收利用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.
How Much Trash Is Generated？
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.
How Is Trash Disposed of？
The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.
What Is a Landfill？
There are two ways to bury trash:
Dump--an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most people's idea of a landfill!)
Landfill--carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary landfill--landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill—landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment.
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose (腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.
Proposing the Landfill
For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.
In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:
the area of land necessary for the landfill
the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock
the flow of surface water over the site
the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife
the historical value of the proposed site
Building the Landfill
Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the land
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Landfills
You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don't think about the waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don't have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.
Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash？ Some gets recycled or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.
How Much Trash Is Generated？
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.
How Is Trash Disposed of？
The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.
What Is a Landfill？
There are two ways to bury trash:
Dump--an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most people's idea of a landfill!)
Landfill--carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary landfill--landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment
Municipal solid waste (MSW) LANDFILL--landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment .
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose (腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.
Proposing the Landfill
For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.
In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study must be done one the proposed site to determine:
the area of land necessary for the landfill
the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock
the flow of surface water over the site
the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife
the historical value of the proposed site
Building the Landfill
Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have bee
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Strict sanitary procedures help to forestall outbreaks of disease.
A．prevent
B．control
C．minimize
D．preview
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