Despite the improvement in influenza vaccines, influenza is ..

更多“Despite the improvement in inf…”相关的问题

第1题

According to the information in Paragraph 2, which of the following statement is true of d

rugs？

A．All drugs are of no use at all in treating the influenza symptoms.

B．Most drugs can greatly relieve the influenza symptoms at any time.

C．Prescribed drugs are relatively effective only under certain conditions.

D．Drugs are more useful and effective than vaccines in curing influenza.

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第2题

What are the students mainly discussing？A．Statistics about major diseasesB．Symptoms of inf

What are the students mainly discussing？

A．Statistics about major diseases

B．Symptoms of influenza infection

C．A major epidemic of influenza

D．Different strains of the flu virus

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第3题

Which of the following is true according to the passage？ [A]Fluvaccinesnowmainlyus

Which of the following is true according to the passage？

[A] Flu vaccines now mainly use egg-based technology.

[B] A bird influenza has once circulated among humans.

[C] Safety can be greatly improved with cell-culture vaccines.

[D] Modern vaccine production methods are to replace egg-based methods.

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第4题

A.Because physical examinations are given free there.B.Because he can get an inf

A.Because physical examinations are given free there.

B.Because he can get an influenza vaccination there.

C.Because hell be able to get a prescrpfion for medication there.

D.Because hell find literature on nutrition there.

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第5题

听力原文： The death rate from influenza rose markedly in the 1990's, federal scientists re

ported. The explanation, they said, is that a greater proportion of the population is elderly and thus particularly susceptible to flu. There was an average of 36,000 flu deaths a year in the 1990's as compared to 20,000 a year in previous decades, the investigators, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Ninety percent of influenza deaths were in people 65 and older, said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the principal researcher for the study. But Dr. Fukuda and his colleagues reported that the virus was especially deadly in people over 85, who might be up to 32 times more likely than those 65 to 69 to die from a flu infection.

The researchers also concluded that there were large numbers of deaths among the elderly from another virus, respiratory syncytial virus, known as R. S. V. As many as 78 percent of the 11,000 people who died from R. S. V. each year were 65 and older, the researchers concluded.

In an editorial accompanying the paper, Dr. David M. Morens of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that many people who were particularly vulnerable to influenza did not get flu vaccines, the only method of preventing the disease. Many mistakenly believe that the vaccine, which is made from a killed virus, can give them the flu. Over the last few years, Dr. Fukuda said, just 65 percent to 67 percent of people 65 and older were immunized. Even when they do get the vaccine, he added, it is less effective in the elderly than it is in younger people. And there is no vaccine to protect against R. S. V. Dr; Morens was not optimistic about the immediate future. The best hope, he said, is for improved flu vaccines and a vaccine for R. S.V. But for now, he said, doctors must do a better job of persuading older people to be vaccinated.

How many flu deaths a year in the 1990's？

A．20,000

B．26,000

C．30,000

D．36,000

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第6题

Animal studies are under way, human trial protocols are taking shape and drug makers are o

n alert. All the international health community needs now is a human vaccine for the bird flu pandemic sweeping a cluster of Asian countries.

The race for a vaccine began after the first human case emerged in Hong Kong in 1997. Backed by the World Health Organization (WHO), three research teams in the US and UK are trying to create a seed virus for a new vaccine. Their task is formidable, but researchers remain optimistic". There are obstacles, but most of the obstacles have been treated sensibly", says Richard Webby, a virologist at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.

The biggest challenge is likely to be the rapidly mutating virus. Candidate vaccines produced last year against the H5N1 virus are ineffective against this year's strain. Scientists will have to constantly monitor the changes and try to tailor the vaccine as the virus mutates. They can't wait to see which one comes next.

The urgency stems from fears that H5N1 will combine with a human flu virus, creating a pathogen(病原体) that could be transmitted from person to person. But if people have no immunity to the virus, the strain may not mutate as rapidly in people as it does in birds.

To quickly generate the vaccine, researchers are using reverse genetics, which allows them to skip the long process of searching through reassorted viruses for the correct genetic combination. Instead, scientists clone sequences for hemagglutinin(红血球凝聚素) and neuraminidase(神经氨酸苷酶), the two key proteins in the virus. The sequences are then combined with human influenza genes to create a customized reference strain.

Because products developed with reverse genetics have never been tested in humans, the candidate vaccines will first have to clear regulatory review. In anticipation, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) are both preparing pandemic response plans. The EMEA has produced a fist-track licensing program, an industry task force and detailed guidance for potential applicants.

In Europe, a reassortant influenza virus—but not the inactivated vaccine—produced by reverse genetics would be considered a genetically modified organism, and manufacturers would need approval from their national or local safety authorities. The WHO has prepared a preliminary biosafety risk assessment of pilot-lot vaccine, which could help speed up the review.

A preliminary version of their protocol calls for several hundred subjects, beginning with a group of young adults and gradually expanding to include those most susceptible to the flu—children and the elderly". If we had product", says Lambert", it would probably be a couple of months at the earliest before we have early data in healthy adults".

We can infer from Paragraph 2 that facing the tough task the researchers of WHO ______.

A．flinch from their work.

B．hesitate and feel perplexed.

C．carry on their research.

D．abandon their research.

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第7题

Coming Soon: the Next Great Flu Epidemic The virus first came to officials attention

in a bag of dead chickens. Early in March 1997, a farmer from Hong Kongs New Territories carried them into the Agriculture and Fisheries Department laboratory. The final state of some birds was a hideous, bloody mush. Cultures of their organs revealed they had died of avian influenza, type H5N1. Influenza of the H5 subtype had never been known to infect humans. But in the next seven months, 18 Hong Kong residents fell ill with H5N1 and six died. In late December 1997, public health officials took a drastic step, ordering the slaughter of every chicken in every farm and marketplace in Hong Kong. The HSN1 virus seemed to disappear but for how long？ The specter of the 1918 flu was raised by this new avian flu. The 1918 flu was one of the most changeable and resistant viruses known to man. After weve been infected with one strain, it can mutate and infect us again. We are only immune to flu strains our bodies have seen before. A flu can also "jump species" to an animal it has never infected before, once such a flu moves into humans, if it can "learn" to pass easily between them, it can spark a pandemic—a global outbreak. Birds carry the flu virus in their intestines and excrete it in their feces. In all likelihood, shoppers who got sick with H5 touched surfaces contaminated with chicken feces. Humans, however, carry flu in their respiratory tracts and usually spread them in a cough or sneeze. Flu strains that travel this way are highly contagious. The H5 virus in Hong Kong was different. It sickened very few, but killed a third of those infected. Most who got sick with H5 seemed to catch it directly from a bird they bought in a live-poultry market. After the Hong Kong outbreak, flu experts feared that H5—already deadly to humans—might learn to move between humans as well as between birds. That "raises the specter of 1918", says Nancy Cox, chief of the Influenza Branch of the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). Geographic isolation was no protection during the 1918 pandemic. In the Alaska Territory, the mortality rate in some villages was as high as 90 percent. All told, at least 500000 Americans perished. It could happen again. The virus that became the Spanish flu probably came from a bird. Avian-flu expert Dr. Robert Webster of St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital in Memphis, Tenn., believes the virus may have leapt straight from birds to humans, possibly a year to two before the pandemic began. Once lodged in human lungs, it quickly passed from person to person in a simple cough or sneeze. To avoid that grim possibility, here are three measures all nations need to take: The first step is better surveillance. Most countries, though, dont start tracking avian flu until after an epidemic kills their chickens. The United States dramatically increased its monitoring after a deadly outbreak in Pennsylvania in the early 1980s. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) provides diagnostic support. Some virologists recommend enhancing surveillance of swine flu too. The U. S. National Institutes of Health is beginning to study the issue. Elsewhere, the coverage is not good enough, says Dr. W. Paul Glezen of the Baylor College of Medicines Influenza Research Center. He names Africa and South America as areas where the World Health Organizations net is incomplete. Another important measure is producing more vaccines and flu shots. Only three of the 15 known influenza subtypes—H1, H2 and H3—have been found in people. Vaccines exist for each, and an H5 vaccine is now being developed. Some experts believe that we should develop a vaccine for the other known subtypes as well. Health authorities add that more people need flu shots now. We should manufacture 120 million doses a year, but we are making only 80 million. If we bought more vaccines, manufacturers could produce more. This increased production capacity would be invaluable in a pandemic. A strong pandemic plan. The U. S. government has been developing a pandemic plan since 1997. The Hong Kong outbreak, notes CDCP investigator Keiji Fukuda, was a "dry run" for a real emergency. "It showed us we can get people there and answer some tough questions," but "H5 also taught us that lots of issues are hard to grapple with they come so fast". In March of this year, Hong Kongs Agriculture and Fisheries Department announced it had found H5N1 in the goose excrement of a poultry stall. (A)The virus was not identical to the 1997 version, and the next day it was gone. (B)However, the two viruses were related. (C)A month later, in April, the Hong Kong Department of Health announced that two girls, ages one and four, were recovering from an H9 flu virus found in poultry. (D)H9 has never before been known to infect humans.

What does the word inquisitive mean in Paragraph 1 of the passage？

A．Unconcerned.

B．Curious.

C．Spying.

D．Indifferent.

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第8题

听力原文： Professor Hello, class. I guess youve all heard about swine flu

these days. In fact, the World Health Organization says the swine flu outbreak is moving closer to becoming a pandemic. So, today Ill begin with the basics about swine influenza. Swine influenza (also swine flu) refers to influenza caused by any strain of the influenza virus endemic in pigs (swine). Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV). Of the three genera of human flu, two are endemic also in swine: Influenzavirus A is common and Influenzavirus C is rare. Influenzavirus B has not been reported in swine. Within Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus C, the strains endemic to swine and humans are largely distinct. Well, swine flu is common in swine and rare in humans. People who work with swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of catching swine influenza if the swine carry a strain able to infect humans. However, these strains infrequently circulate between humans as SIV rarely mutates into a form. able to pass easily from human to human. In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. Diana Excuse me, Professor, may I ask a question？ Professor Yes, please, Diana. Diana As we know, the flu outbreak of this year started in Mexico. Then, why has it infected to humans？ Professor A very good question. Well, the 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza. The origins of this new strain are unknown, and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) reports that it has not been isolated in swine. It passes with apparent ease from human to human, an ability attributed to an as-yet unidentified mutation. The strain in most cases causes only mild symptoms and the infected person makes a full recovery without requiring medical attention and without the use of antiviral medicines. Tom Then, Professor, how should we prevent it？ Professor Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth. Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food. The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, to the CDC for analysis. Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public. Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain, vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as June 2009. Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the new swine flu virus. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows little particles of virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should see a doctor to be tested. Social distancing is another tactic. It means staying away from other people who might be infected and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community.Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in an epidemiology class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

What is the lecture mainly about？

A．The definition of swine flu in Mexico.

B．The basic information about swine flu.

C．The infection of swine flu to humans.

D．The prevention of swine flu worldwid

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第9题

The Spanish Flu Epidemic If you're worried about the possibility of a coming bird flu epid

The Spanish Flu Epidemic

If you're worried about the possibility of a coming bird flu epidemic, you can take comfort in the fact that humanity has survived a similar influenza epidemic in the past. Starting its rounds at the end of World War I, the 1918 flu killed an estimated 50 million people.

Popularly known as the Spanish Flu, this type of influenza was far worse than your common cold. Normally, influenza only kills those who are more vulnerable to disease, such as newborns, the old or the sick. However, the Spanish Flu was prone to killing the young and healthy. Often it would disable its victims in hours; within a day, they would be dead, typically from extreme cases of pneumonia (肺炎).

The Spanish Flu was quite nasty-fast-spreading and deadly. It managed to spread across the globe, devastating the world. Then suddenly, after two years ravaging(蹂躏)the Earth, it disappeared as quickly as it had arisen.

Despite its nickname, the Spanish Flu did not originate in Spain. Its true origins are unknown. Some believe it started in US forts and then spread to Europe as America joined the war; others think that it populated the trenches of the English and the French and eventually broke out in 1918. Regardless of where it started, eventually a fifth of the world population suffered the disease, with a global mortality rate(死亡率) estimated at 2.5% of the population.

Modernity was partly to blame for the quick spread of the disease. It passed throughout the world on trade routes and shipping lines. It hit Northern America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the South Pacific. The war did not help at all--the movement of supplies and troops aided the spread of the Spanish Flu, as well as the trench warfare. Imagine the speed at which a virus can spread in a crowded ditch. The fast emergence of the virus in the trenches caused some soldiers to believe that the Spanish Flu was a new form. of biological warfare.

Luckily, the Spanish Flu simply vanished by 1920. It is believed the flu simply ran out of fuel to spread.

The Spanish Flu started during World War Ⅰ.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

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第10题

Lessons from the 1918 FluThe last time a now influenza virus reached pandemic levels was i

Lessons from the 1918 Flu

The last time a now influenza virus reached pandemic levels was in 1968, but the episode was not significantly deadlier than a typical had fin season. Few people who lived through it even knew it occurred. Still, it killed 34,000 Americans. The 1918 pandemic was far more lethal. It killed 675,000 Americans at a time when the U.S. population was 100 million. Fifty million to 100 million people purished worldwide in the 1918 pandemic, according to Nobel laureate F. Macfarlane Burnet. The flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS has 'killed in 24 years. The difference in the death toll between 1918 and 1968 had little to do with such medical advances as antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. The 1968 virus was simply much less virulent. But it wasn't just the virus. As with Hurricane Katrina, some of the deaths in 1918 were the government's responsibility. Surgeon General Rupert Blue was his day's Mike Brown. Despite months of indications that the disease would erupt, Blue made no preparations. When the flu hit, he told the nation, "There is no cause for alarm."

Alarm was needed. Victims could die in 24 hours. Symptoms included bleeding from the nose, mouth, ears and eyes. Some people turned so dark blue from lack of oxygen that an Army physician noted that "it is hard to distinguish the coloured men from the white."

False reassurances from the government and newspapers added to the death rate. They also destroyed trust in authority, as Americans quickly realized they were being lied to. The result: society began to break apart. Confidential Red Cross reports noted "panic akin to the terror of the Middle Ages of the plague" and victims starving to death "not from lack of food but because the well are afraid to help the sick." Doctors and nurses were kidnapped. One scientist concluded that if the epidemic continued to build, "civilization could easily disappear from the face of the earth within a few more weeks."

What will happen during the next pandemic.'？ No one can predict, but even a virus as mild as the 1968 strain would kill many tens of thousands in the U.S. alone. Since 1968, demographic changes have made influenza a greater, not a lesser, threat. Our population now includes more elderly and more people with a weakened immune system. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that influenza kills 36,000 Americans in an average year. The CDC also calculates that a pandemic caused by a virus comparable to that of 1968 would kill between 89,000 and 207,000 Americans. And the scientist who prepared that study has refused to estimate the toll from a more virulent virus because, he says, he doesn't want to "scare" people.

Even the mildest virus would slam the economy harder now than at any time in the past. That's be- cause businesses—and hospitals—have improved efficiency to minimize slack. When absenteeism pre- vents one plant from shipping a part, or when a surge of patients overwhelms a hospital already under- staffed because of sickness, massive disruptions result.

How prepared are we for all that？ Net very. To its credit, this Administration has struggled to get a- head of the curve. Former Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson considered influet.za among his highest priorities. In his last speech as Secretary, he called it his gravest concern. Under him, funding for influenza increased 1,000% despite opposition from House Republicans, who took the threat seriously only after last year's vaccine debacle, when almost half the nation's supply became unavailable because of contamination.

That problem highlighted a weakness in the vaccine-production infrastructure, which, as publichealth expert Michael Osterholm says, "is our levee system against a catastrophic .event," But even in a perfect world, virtually no vaccine would be available for the first six months of

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第11题

听力原文：Narrator Now get ready to answer the questions. Professor Hello, class. I gue

ss youve all heard about swine flu these days. In fact, the World Health Organization says the swine flu outbreak is moving closer to becoming a pandemic. So, today Ill begin with the basics about swine influenza. Swine influenza(also swine flu)refers to influenza caused by any strain of the influenza virus endemic in pigs(swine). Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus(SIV). Of the three genera of human flu, two are endemic also in swine: Influenzavirus A is common and Influenzavirus C is rare. Influenzavirus B has not been reported in swine. Within Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus C, the strains endemic to swine and humans are largely distinct. Well, swine flu is common in swine and rare in humans. People who work with swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of catching swine influenza if the swine carry a strain able to infect humans. However, these strains infrequently circulate between humans as SIV rarely mutates into a form. able to pass easily from human to human. In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. Diana Excuse me, Professor, may I ask a question？ Professor Yes, please, Diana. Diana As we know, the flu outbreak of this year started in Mexico. Then, why has it infected to humans？ Professor A very good question. Well, the 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza. The origins of this new strain are unknown, and the World Organization for Animal Health(OIE)reports that it has not been isolated in swine. It passes with apparent ease from human to human, an ability attributed to an as-yet unidentified mutation. The strain in most cases causes only mild symptoms and the infected person makes a full recovery without requiring medical attention and without the use of antiviral medicines. Tom Then, Professor, how should we prevent it？ Professor Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth. Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food. The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, to the CDC for analysis. Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public. Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain, vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as June 2009. Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the new swine flu virus. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows little particles of virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should see a doctor to be tested. Social distancing is another tactic. It means staying away from other people who might be infected and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 11. What is the lecture mainly about？ 12. In the lecture, the professor describes three types of influenzavirus. Indicate whether each word or phrase describes the three types of influenzvirus. Tick the correct box for each type of influenzavirus. 13. According to the professor, who are the most likely to catch swine influenza？ 14. What are the symptoms of swine flu？ 15. What does the professor imply when he says this？ Professor Well, the 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza. 16. What can be done to prevent swine flu？Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in an epidemiology class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.

What is the lecture mainly about？

A．The definition of swine flu in Mexico.

B．The basic information about swine flu.

C．The infection of swine flu to humans.

D．The prevention of swine flu worldwide.

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Despite the improvement in influenza vaccines, influenza is expected to remain a（）oppoent of human health.