The production and application of fertilisers and pesticides..

更多“The production and application…”相关的问题

第1题

缓释肥料slow-releasefertilizer

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第2题

[图] Some poisonous elements in pesticide are thro...

Some poisonous elements in pesticide are through heating and can be absorbed by human body.

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第3题

Organic food: Why？

1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people？ The really important thing is that organic sounds more "natural". Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different

from the junk-food-eating masses.

2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation(轮种)improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food produc-tion, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilisers are tiny com-pared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted(排放)by transporting food.

3. Organic farming ,is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results in-dicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health.

4. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading. Food &39;is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of rea-sons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure(粪便) or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up .

5. The notion that organic food is safer than "normal" food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common food are full of natural toxins(毒素). As one research expert says:"People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact,it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that will poison you. Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops. "

Paragraph l _

？？A.Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB.Description of organic faring C.Factors that affect food health value D.Testing the taste of organic food E.Necessity to remove hidden dangers form. foodF.Research into whether organic food is betteer？？

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

A.Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB.Description of organic faring C.Factors that affect food health value D.Testing the taste of organic food E.Necessity to remove hidden dangers form. foodF.Research into whether organic food is betteer

Paragraph 4

Techniques of organic farming help _ .

？？A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content？？

There is no convincing evidence to _ .

？？A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content？？

The weather conditions during the growth of crops _ .

？？A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content？？

The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to

？？A.show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B.be specially trained C.improve soil qualityD.poison youE.be eatenF.affect their nutritional content？？

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第4题

2. tough food problems the world is confronted with

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第5题

La question il a répondu est difficile.

A、qui

B、que

C、auquel

D、à laquelle

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第6题

What is the key issue in the Bowman vs. Monsanto case？

A.Whether patent for seeds is harmful to agricultural production.

B.Whether the biotech industry should take priority over agriculture.

C.Whether measures should be introduced to protect small farmers.

D.Whether patent for living things applies to their later generations.

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第7题

回答下列各题 Waste Not, Want Not Feeding the 9 Billion: The Tragedy of Waste [A] By 2075, the United Nations mid-range projection for global population is about 9.5 billion. Thismeans that there could be an extra three billion mouths to feed by the end of the century, a period inwhich substantial changes are anticipated in the wealth, calorie intake and dietary preferences ofpeople in developing countries across the world. Such a projection presents mankind with wide-ranging social, economic, environmental and political issues that need to be addressed today toensure a sustainable future for all. One key issue is how to produce more food in a world of finiteresources. [B] Today, we produce about four billion metric tonnes of food per year. Yet due to poor practices inharvesting, storage and transportation, as well as market and consumer wastage, it is estimated that30-50% of all food produced never reaches a human stomach. Furthermore, this figure does notreflect the fact that large amounts of land, energy, fertilisers and water have also been lost in theproduction of foodstuffs which simply end up as waste. This level of wastage is a tragedy that cannotcontinue if we are to succeed in the challenge of sustainably meeting our future food demands. Where Food Waste Happens [C] In 2010, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers identified throe principal emerging population groups acrossthe world, based on characteristics associated with their current and projected stage of economic development. ~ Fully developed, mature, post-industrial societies, such as those in Europe, characterised by stable ordeclining populations which are increasing in age. ~ Late-stage developing nations that are currently industrialising rapidly, for example China, which willexperience declining rates of population growth, coupled with increasing affluence (富裕)and age profile. ~ Newly developing countries that are beginning to industrialise, primarily in Africa, with high to very high population growth rates, and characterised by a predominantly young age profile. [D] Each group over the coming decades will need to address different issues surrounding food production, storage and transportation, as well as consumer expectations, if we are to continue to feed all our people. [E] In less-devel0ped countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, wastage tends to occurprimarily at the farmer-producer end of the supply chain. Inefficient harvesting, inadequate localtransportation and poor infrastructure (基础设施) mean that produce is frequently handled inappropriatelyand stored under unsuitable farm site conditions. [F] In mature, fully developed countries such as the UK, more,efficient farming practices and better transport,storage and processing facilities ensure that a larger proportion of the food produced reaches markets andconsumers. However, characteristics associated with modem consumer culture mean produce is often wastedthrough retail and customer behaviour. [G] Major supermarkets, in meeting consumer expectations, will often reject entire crops of perfectly edible fruitand vegetables at the farm because they do not meet exacting marketing standards for their physicalcharacteristics, such as size and appearance. [H] Of the produce that does appear in the supermarket, commonly used sales promotions frequently encouragecustomers to purchase excessive quantities which, in the case of perishable foodstuffs, inevitably generatewastage in the home. Overall between 30% and 50% of what has been bought in developed countries isthrown away by the purchaser. Better Use of Our Finite Resources [I] Wasting food means losing not only life-supporting nutrition but also precious resources, including land,water and energy. As a global society, therefore, tackling food waste will help contribute towards addressinga number of key resource issues. [J] Land Usage: Over the last five decades, improved farming techniques and technologies have helped tosignificantly increase crop yields along with a 12% expansion of farmed land use. However, a further increasein farming area without impacting unfavourably on what remains of the worlds natural ecosystems appearsunlikely. The challenge is that an increase in animal-based production will require more land and resources, aslivestock (牲畜) fanning demands extensive land use. [K] Water Usage: Over the past century, human use of fresh water has increased at more than double the rate ofpopulation growth. Currently about 3.8 trillion m3 of water is used by humans per year. About 70% of this isconsumed by the global agriculture sector, and the level of use will continue to rise over the coming decades. [L] Better irrigation can dram.atically improve crop yield and about 40% of the worlds food supply is currentlyderived from irrigated land. However, water used in irrigation is often sourced unsustainably. In processingfoods after the agricultural stage, there are large additional uses of water that need to be tackled in a world ofgrowing demand. This is particularly crucial in the case of meat production, where beef uses about 50 timesmore water than vegetables. In the future, more effective washing techniques, management procedures, andrecycling and purification of water will be needed to reduce wastage. [M] Energy Usage: Energy is an essential resource across the entire food production cycle, with estimates showingan average of 7-10 calories of input being required in the production of one calorie of food. This variesdramatically depending on crop, from three calories for plant crops to 35 calories in the production of beef.Since much of this energy comes from the utilisation of fossil fuels, wastage of food potentially contributes tounnecessary global warming as well as inefficient resource utilisation. [N] In the modern industrialised agricultural process--which developing nations are moving towards in order toincrease future yields--energy usage in the making and application of fertilisers and pesticides represents thesingle biggest component. Wheat production takes 50% of its energy input for these two items alone. Indeed,on a global scale, fertiliser manufacturing consumes about 3-5% of the worlds annual natural gas supply.With production anticipated to increase by 25% between now and 2030, sustainable energy sourcing willbecome an increasingly major issue. Energy to power machinery, both on the farm and in the storage andprocessing facilities, adds to the energy total, which currently represents about 3.1% of annual global energyconsumption. Recommendations [O] Rising population combined with improved nutrition standards and shifting dietary preferences will exertpressure for increases in global food supply. Engineers, scientists and agriculturalists have the knowledge, tools and systems that will assist in achieving productivity increases. However, pressure will grow on finiteresources of land, energy and water. The potential to provide 60-100% more food by simply eliminatinglosses, while simultaneously freeing up land, energy and water resources for other uses, is an:opportunity thatshould not be ignored. In order to begin tackling the challenge, the Institution recommends that: ~ The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation work with the international engineering community to ensuregovernments of developed nations put in place programmes that transfer engineering knowledge, designknow-how, and suitable technology to newly developing countries. This will help improve producehandling in the harvest, and immediate post-harvest stages of food production. ~ Governments of rapidly developing countries incorporate waste minimisation thinking into the transportinfrastructure and storage facilities currently being planned, engineered and built. ~ Governments in developed nations devise and implement policy that changes consumer expectations. Theseshould discourage retailers from wasteful practices that lead to the rejection of food on the basis of cosmeticcharacteristics, and losses in the home due to excessive purchasing by consumers. Elimination of waste alone can potentially provide over sixty percent more food for the growing world population.

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第8题

What do we learn from the last paragraph？

A.Hollywood movies usually have an unexpected, dramatic impact on real-life arguments.

B.The Supreme Court will try to change its reputation for supporting large corporations.

C.The Supreme Court is likely to persuade the parties concerned to work out a settlement.

D.The ruling would be in Bowmans favor if the case were argued in a Hollywood movie.

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第9题

听材料，回答下列问题：

A.Which major the woman will be choosing．

B.The sociology course the woman is taking．

C.How to find a job in publishing．

D.The sociology professors the man likes．

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The production and application of fertilisers and pesticides account for the largest part