Understanding Autism_简答题试题答案

第1题

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段1选择个最佳标题；（2

）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

Understanding Autism

1 Autism (孤独症) is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from properly understanding what they see, hear, and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems of social relationships, communication, and behavior. Individuals with autism have to painstakingly '(费力地) learn normal patterns of speech and communication, and appropriate ways to relate to people, objects, and events, in a similar manner to those who have had a stroke.

2

The cause of autism is still unknown. Some research suggests a physical problem affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic (遗传的) factors may sometimes be involved. Autism may indeed result from a combination of several "causes".

3 Most people with mental retardation (智力迟钝的)show relatively even skill development. Individuals with autism, however, typically show uneven skill development, with deficits (~欠缺) in certain areas - most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others - and distinct skills in other areas. It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation or other disorders, since diagnostic (诊断的) confusion may lead to inappropriate and ineffective treatment techniques.

4 In general, individuals with autism perform. best at jobs which are structured and involve a degree of repetition. Some people who have autism are working as artists, piano tuners, painters, farm workers, office workers, computer operators, dishwashers, assembly line workers, or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.

23 Paragraph 1

24 Paragraph 2

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26 Paragraph 4

A What causes autism？

B How common is autism？

C Does autism occur together with other disabilities？

D What is the difference between autism and mental retardation？

E What is autism？

F What kinds of jobs can individuals with autism do？

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第2题

Which statement about the mirror neuron is most likely to be false？

A、Single-cell recording was applied during the initial stage of discovery of the mirror neuron.

B、The mirror neuron was first discovered in monkeys when they saw people grabbing bananas.

C、The mirror neuron is related to empathy and involved in understanding emotional states of others.

D、People with autism typically have more active mirror neurons during social interactions.

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第3题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

It might take only the touch of peach fuzz to make an autistic child howl in pain. The odour of the fruit could be so overpowering that he gags. For reasons that are not well understood, people with autism do not integrate all of their senses in ways that help them understand properly what they are experiencing. By the age of three, the signs of autism—infrequent eye contact, over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to the environment, difficulty mixing with others are in full force. There is no cure; intense behavioural therapies serve only to lessen the symptoms.

The origins of autism are obscure. But a paper in Brain, a specialist journal, casts some light. A team headed by Marcel Just, of Carnegie Mellon University, and Nancy Minshew, of the University of Pittsburgh, has found evidence of how the brains of people with autism function differently from those without the disorder.

Using a brain-scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging(FMRI), Dr. Just, Dr. Minshew and their team compared the brain activity of young adults who had "high functioning" autism (in which an autist's IQ score is normal) with that of non-autistic participants. The experiment was designed to examine two regions of the brain known to be associated with language—Broca's area and Wernicke's area—when the participants were reading.

Three differences emerged. First, Wernicke's area, the part responsible for understanding individual words, was more active in autists than non-autists. Second, Broca's area—where the components of language are integrated to produce meaning—was less active. Third, the activity of the two areas was less synchronised.

This research has led Dr. Just to offer an explanation for autism, lie calls it "underconnectivity theory". It depends on a recent body of work which suggests that the brain's white matter (the wiring that connects the main Bodies of the nerve ceils, or grey matter, together) is less dense and less abundant in the brain of an autistic person than in that of a non-autist. Dr. Just suggests that abnormal white matter causes the grey matter to adapt to the resulting lack of communication. This hones some regions to levels of superior ability, while others fall by the wayside.

The team chose to examine Broca's and Wernieke's areas because language-based experiments are easy to conduct. But if the underconnectivity theory applies to the rest of the brain, too, it would be less of a mystery why some people with autism are hypersensitive to their environments, and others are able to do certain tasks, such as arithmetic, so well. And if it is true that underconnectivity is indeed the main problem, then treatments might be developed to stimulate the growth of the white-matter wiring.

Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph？

A．The smell of a peach can make an autistic person feel painful.

B．Autistic persons have difficulty understanding their environment.

C．The signs of autism begin to appear after the age of three.

D．Behavioural therapies can be used to cure people of autism.

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第4题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

It might take only the touch of peach fuzz to make an autistic child howl in pain. The odour of the fruit could be so overpowering that he gags. For reasons that are not well understood, people with autism do not integrate all of their senses in ways that help them understand properly what they are experiencing. By the age of three, the signs of autism—infrequent eye contact, over-sensitivity or over—sensitivity to the environment, difficulty mixing with others—are in full force. There is no cure; intense behavioural therapies serve only to lessen the symptoms.

The origins of autism are obscure. But a paper in Brain, a specialist journal, casts some light. A team headed by Marcel Just, of Carnegie Mellon University, and Nancy Minshew, of the University of Pittsburgh, has found evidence of how the brains of people with autism function differently from those without the disorder.

Using a brain-scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging (FMRI), Dr. Just, Dr. Minshew and their team compared the brain activity of young adults who had "high-functioning" autism (in which an autiat's IQ score is normal) with that of non-autistic participants. The experiment was designed to examine two regions of the brain known to be associated with language—Broca's area and Wernicke's area—when the participants were reading.

Three differences emerged. First, Wernicke's area, the part responsible for understanding individual words, was more active in autists than non-autists. Second, Broca's area—where the components of language are integrated to produce meaning—was less active. Third, the activity of the two areas was less synchronised.

This research has led Dr. Just to offer an explanation for autism. He calls it "underconnectivity theory". It depends on h recent body of work which suggests that the brain's white matter (the wiring that connects the main bodies of the nerve cells, or grey matter, together) is less dense and less abundant in the brain of an autistic person than in that of a non-autist. Dr. Just suggests that abnormal white matter causes the grey matter to adapt to the resulting lack of communication. This hones some regions to levels of superior ability, while others fall by the wayside.

The team chose to examine Broca's and Wernicke's areas because language-based experiments are easy to conduct. But if the underconnectivity theory applies to the rest of the brain, too, it would be less of a mystery why some people with autism are hypersensitive to their environments, and others are able to do certain tasks, such as arithmetic, so well. And if it is true that underconnectivity is indeed the main problem, then treatments might be developed to stimulate the growth of the white-matter wiring.

Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph？

A．The smell of a peach can make an autistic person feel painful.

B．Autistic persons have difficulty understanding their environment.

C．The signs of autism begin to appear after the age of three.

D．Behavioural therapies can be used to cure people of autism.

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第5题

【填空题】AV Clip 7:cause3 Is Autism Genetic [图]AV ...

【填空题】AV Clip 7:cause3 Is Autism GeneticAV 7.mp4 Watch the video clip three times and complete each statement according to the information from the video clip. So is autism a (1) ____________________？ Now this is something that has been researched and they are definitely genetic conditions that are associated with autism. Something like (2) __________________X. And that is a testing that is done in children often diagnosed with autism. It is rare but there's an abnormality in the (3) ____________________being transmitted. That is an issue in some children, however, this is a very small (4) ___________________of children who get diagnosed with autism who actually have a fragile X problem. There are other medical conditions which are genetically known but the understanding is that it is not one gene, but there are (5) _______________ genes and it's probably a host of little differences whether you call them denovo (6) _________________or changes that take place, or single nucleotide polymorphisms called snips, which can contribute and work together as a (7) ______________to cause a difference in the immune system, in themethylation cycles and in so many other areas that are important in the neurochemistry and the neurobiology of the brain. So there is underlying genetic differences and it is interesting that some of the genes that have been associated with autism are also involved with (8) ______________function, with immune function and a huge amount of research is coming out in this area. Something simple not just with major genes but genes that code for (9) ______________this is going to get a little complex as I use words like the creation of folic acid has to be converted to folinic acid and you need MTHFR, methyltetrahydrofolate reductase, which is an enzyme that converts the (10) ____________acid to folinic acid. And children with the autism spectrum often can have one or two of the LLS, or pieces missing in the creation of this enzyme and if this enzyme is not working effectively you may have some issues in the creation of folic acid which you need for your brain and for a neurotransmitter functioning which is important for the creation of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine... I'm going into major chemistry here but that's what genetics involves. So it's not just a simple gene but it's a cascade of genes and it's not just the major genetics, the major chromosomes that we're talking about but the sub areas the DNA creation of even enzymes and the genetic variations at that level that may be involved or that are involved and need to be researched and worked with in children with an autism spectrum disorder.

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第6题

Specific brain disorders can affect the perception of music in a very specific way. Experi

ments done on epileptics decades ago showed that stimulating certain areas of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain awakened "musical memories"—vivid re-creations of melodies that the patients had heard years earlier. Lesions in the temporal lobe can result in so-called musicogenic epilepsy, an extremely rare form. of the disorder in which seizures are triggered by the sound of music. Autism offers an even greater puzzle. People with this condition are mentally deficient, yet most are proficient musicians; some are "musical savants" possessed of extraordinary talent.

The opposite is true of the less than 1 percent of the population who suffer from amusia, or tree tone deafness. They literally cannot recognize a melody, let alone tell two of them apart, and they are incapable of repeating a song (although they think they are doing correctly). Even simple, familiar tunes such as Frere Jacques and Happy Birthday are mystifying to musics, but when the lyrics are spoken rather than sung, musics are able to recognize the song immediately.

But for instrumentalists, at least, music can evidently trigger physical changes in the brain's wiring. By measuring faint magnetic field emitted by the brains of professional musicians, a team led by Christo Pantev of the University of Muenster's Institute of Experimental Audiology in Germany has shown that intensive practice of an instrument leads to discernible enlargement of parts of the cerebral cortex, the layer of gray matter most closely associated with higher brain function.

As for music's emotional impact, there is some indication that music can affect levels of various hormones, including cortisol (involved in arousal and stress), testosterone (aggression and arousal) and oxytocin (nurturing behavior) as well as trigger release of the natural opiates known as endorphins. Using PET canners, Zatorre has shown that the parts of the brain involved in processing emotion seem to light up with activity when a subject hears music.

As tantalizing as these nits of research are, they barely begin to address the mysteries of music and the brain, including the deepest question of all: Why do we appreciate music？ Did our musical ancestors have an evolutionary edge over their tin-eared fellow？ Or is music, as M. I. T. neuroscientist Steven Pinker asserts, just "auditory cheesecake," with no biological value？ Given music's central role in most of our lives, it's time that scientists found the answers.

Specific brain disorders can ______ .

A．affect the understanding of music in almost every possible way

B．stimulate the memorizing of music he/she knew before

C．hinder musical understanding of the brain in some special ways

D．restrain the memorizing of music he/she knew before

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第7题

Specific brain disorders can affect the perception of music in a very specific way. Experi

ments done on epileptics decades ago showed that stimulating certain areas of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain awakened "musical memories"—vivid re-creations of melodies that the patients had heard years earlier. Lesions in the temporal lobe can result in so-called musicogenic epilepsy, an extremely rare form. of the disorder in which seizures are triggered by the sound of music. Autism offers an even greater puzzle. People with this condition are mentally deficient, yet most are proficient musicians; some are "musical savants" possessed of extraordinary talent.

The opposite is true of the less than 1 percent of the population who suffer from amusia, or tree tone deafness. They literally cannot recognize a melody, let alone tell two of them apart, and they are incapable of repeating a song (although they think they are doing correctly). Even simple, familiar tunes such as Frere Jacques and Happy Birthday are mystifying to musics, but when the lyrics are spoken rather than sung, musics are able to recognize the song immediately.

But for instrumentalists, at least, music can evidently trigger physical changes in the brain's wiring. By measuring faint magnetic field emitted by the brains of professional musicians, a team led by Christo Pantev of the University of Muenster's Institute of Experimental Audiology in Germany has shown that intensive practice of an instrument leads to discernible enlargement of parts of the cerebral cortex, the layer of gray matter most closely associated with higher brain function.

As for music's emotional impact, there is some indication that music can affect levels of various hormones, including cortisol (involved in arousal and stress), testosterone (aggression and arousal) and oxytocin (nurturing behavior) as well as trigger release of the natural opiates known as endorphins. Using PET canners, Zatorre has shown that the parts of the brain involved in processing emotion seem to light up with activity when a subject hears music.

As tantalizing as these nits of research are, they barely begin to address the mysteries of music and the brain, including the deepest question of all: Why do we appreciate music？ Did our musical ancestors have an evolutionary edge over their tin-eared fellow？ Or is music, as M. I. T. neuroscientist Steven Pinker asserts, just "auditory cheesecake," with no biological value？ Given music's central role in most of our lives, it's time that scientists found the answers.

Specific brain disorders can ______ .

A．affect the understanding of music in almost every possible way

B．stimulate the memorizing of music he/she knew before

C．hinder musical understanding of the brain in some special ways

D．restrain the memorizing of music he/she knew before

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第8题

What may cause Autism？

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第9题

Paragraph 3 __________. 查看材料A.What causes autism？B.

Paragraph 3 __________. 查看材料