ADHD（attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder）

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder，ADHD)

Children have been said to have brain-injured child syndrome, hyperactive(极度活跃的)child syndrome and attention-deficit disorder(ADD). As early as the 1940's, psychiatrists have【C1】______children with hyperactivity and extremely distracted and impulsive(冲动的). These frequent name changes show how【C2】______researchers, are about the causes【C3】______the problem and the diagnostic criteria for the disorders. In the past several years, the people who【C4】______attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)have【C5】______to clarify the disorder's causes and【C6】______, and have reasons to believe that it may be genetic. Today's view【C7】______this disorder is very different from the beliefs of just a few years ago. Researchers are finding that ADHD is not a disorder of just attention, but is from a developmental【C8】______in the brain's circuitry and self-control. The loss of self-control【C9】______other important brain functions mandatory for maintaining【C10】______. ADHD involves two sets of symptoms: inattention and a【C11】______of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. Most children are more active and distractive than adults are. Children are more inconsistent, affected by brief actions. The younger the child, the less【C12】______they are. This behavior. is a【C13】______of a problem when it is displayed more in them than in their【C14】______. Boys are at least three times more【C15】______than girls to have ADHD. Studies have found that ADHD in boys outnumbers girls 9 to 1, this is because boys are genetically likely to【C16】______disorders in the nervous system. These behaviors generally【C17】______between the ages of 3 and 5.【C18】______, some children don't start to develop the disorder until【C19】______childhood or early adolescence. Researchers are unable to find the reasons for this【C20】______.

【C1】

A．labeled

B．treated

C．regarded

D．handled

Children have been said to have brain-injured child syndrome, hyperactive (极度活跃的) child syndrome and attention-deficit disorder (ADD). As early as the 1940's, psychiatrists have【62】children with hyperactivity and extremely distracted and impulsive. These frequent name changes show how【63】researchers are about the causes of the problem and the diagnostic (诊断的)【64】for the disorders.

In the past several years, the people who study attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have【65】to clarify the disorder's causes and【66】, and have reasons to believe that it may be【67】. Today's view on this disorder is very different from the beliefs of just a few years ago.

Researchers are finding that ADHD is not a disorder of just attention, but is from a developmental【68】in the brain's circuitry and self-control. The loss of self-control【69】other important brain functions compulsory for【70】attention. ADHD【71】two sets of symptoms: inattention and a【72】of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. Most children are more active and【73】than adults are. Children are more inconsistent,【74】by brief actions. The younger the child, the【75】aware they are. This behavior. is a【76】of a problem when it is displayed more in them than in their【77】. Boys are at least three times more【78】than girls to have ADHD. Studies have found that ADHD in boys outnumbers girls 9 to 1; this is because boys are genetically likely to develop disorders in the nervous system. These behaviors【79】occur between the ages of 3 and 5.【80】, some children don't start to develop the disorder until late childhood or early adolescence. Researchers are unable to find the reasons for this【81】.

(63)

A．formulated

B．labeled

C．patented

D．licensed

A sharp increase in military expenditure brought the cabinet a budget _____.

A、 deficit 

B、 debt 

C、 red 

D、 estimation

请根据短文内容，回答题。

ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants

Children have an increased risk of attention problems, seen as early as grade school, if their morns inhaled (吸入) a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That&39;s the finding of a new study. Released when things aren&39;t burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels,wood and trash. Frederica Perera works at Columbia University&39;s Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children&39;s health. In a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew (排放) PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera&39;s team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe (探查) other sources of PAHs, ones that would have been hard for an individual to avoid.＜br＞

The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason: Any PAHs in a woman&39;s blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in these children, now age 9. They asked each child&39;s mother a series of questions. These included whether her child had problems doing things that needed sustained (长期的) mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in 10 U.S. children has ADHD. Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect.＜br＞

Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Others had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published on November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE

Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

The disease “beri-beri”______.

A．kills large numbers of Eastern peoples

B．is a vitamin deficiency (缺乏) disease

C．is caused by diseased rice

D．can be caught from diseased chickens

A Grassroots Remedy

Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers(慢跑者)jog, they don't run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.

But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived (丧失). I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed of these ancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.

The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.

A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.

Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy(等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.

Most bullying（恃强凌弱）is found in schools where there is a tarmac(柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.

But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.

One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs.

Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.

The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.

In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world.

Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, "A natural environment can reduce violent behaviour because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour. " Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.

We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natur

A．People instinctively seek nature in different ways.

B．People should spend most of their lives in the wild.

C．People have quite different perceptions of nature.

D．People must make more efforts to study nature.

Sleepy Students Perform. Worse

A Staying up an hour or two past bedtime makes it far harder for kids to learn, say scientists who deprived youngsters of sleep and tested whether their teachers could tell the difference. They could. If parents want their children to thrive academically, "Getting them to sleep on time is as important as getting them to school on time," said psychologist Gahan Fallone, who conducted the research at Brown Medical School.

B The study, unveiled Thursday at an American Medical Association science writers meeting, was conducted on healthy children who had no evidence of sleep--or learning-related disorders. Difficulty paying attention was among the problems the sleepy youngsters faced—raising the question of whether sleep deprivation could prove even worse for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Fallone now is studying that question, and suspects that sleep problems "could hit children with ADHD as a double whammy."

C Sleep experts have long warned that Americans of all ages don't get enough shuteye. Sleep is important for health, bringing a range of benefits that, as Shakespeare put it, "knits up the raveled sleave of care." Not getting enough is linked to a host of problems, from car crashes as drivers doze off to crippled memory and inhibited creativity. Exactly how much sleep correlates with school performance is hard to prove. So Brown researchers set out to test whether teachers could detect problems with attention and learning when children stayed up late—even if the teachers had no idea how much sleep their students actually got.

D They recruited seventy-four 6- to 12-year-olds from Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts for the three-week study. For one week, the youngsters went to bed and woke up at their usual times. They already were fairly good sleepers, getting nine to 9.5 hours of sleep a night. Another week, they were assigned to spend no fewer than ten hours in bed a night. The other week, they were kept up later than usual: First- and second-graders were in bed no more than eight hours and the older children no more than 6. 5 hours. In addition to parents' reports, the youngsters wore motion-detecting wrist monitors to ensure compliance.

E Teachers weren't told how much the children slept or which week they stayed up late, but rated the students on a variety of performance measures each week. The teachers reported significantly more academic problems during the week of sleep deprivation, the study, which will be published in the journal Sleep in December, concluded. Students who got eight hours of sleep or less a night were more forgetful, had the most trouble learning new lessons, and had the most problems paying attention, reported Fallone, now at the Forest Institute of Professional Psychology.

F Sleep has long been a concern of educators. Potter-Burns Elementary School sends notes to parents reminding them to make sure students get enough sleep prior to the school's yearly achievement testing. Another school considers it important enough to include in the school's monthly newsletters. Definitely there is an impact on students' performance if they come to school tired. However, the findings may change physician practice, said Dr. Regina Benjamin, a family physician in Bayou La Batre, who reviewed the data at the Thursday's AMA meeting. "I don't ask about sleep" when evaluating academically struggling students, she noted. "I'm going to start."

G So how much sleep do kids need？ Recommended amounts range from about ten to eleven hours a night for young elementary students to 8.5 hours for teens. Fallone insists that his own second-grader get ten hours a night, even when it meant dropping soccer the season that practice didn't start until 7:30—too late for her to fit in dinner and time to wind down before she needed to be snoozing. "It's tough," he acknowledged, but "parents must believe in the importa

A.注意缺陷型ADHD

B.多动型ADHD

C.冲动型ADHD

D.混合型ADHD

E.轻度ADHD