is very toxic, which can cause cancer and damage to the immune system.

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Health food is a general term applied to all kinds of foods that are considered more healthful than the types of foods widely sold in supermarkets. For example, whole grains, fried beans, and com oil are health foods. A narrower classification of health food is natural food. This term is used to distinguish between types of the same food. Raw honey is a natural sweetener, whereas refined sugar is not. Fresh fruit is a natural food, but canned fruit, with sugars and other additives, is not. The most precise term of all and the narrowest classification within health foods is organic food, used to describe food that has been grown on a particular kind of farm. Fruit and vegetables that are grown in gardens, that are sprayed only with organic fertilizers, that are not sprayed with poisonous insecticides, and that are not refined after harvest, are organic foods. Meat, fish, dairy and poultry products from animals that are fed only organically grown feed and that are not injected with hormones are organic foods.

In choosing the type of food you eat, then, you have basically two choices: inorganic, processed foods, or organic, unprocessed foods. A wise decision should include investigation of the allegations that processed foods contain chemicals, some of which are proven to be toxic, and that vitamin content is greatly reduced in processed foods.

Bread is typically used by health food advocates as an example of a processed food. First, the seeds from which the grain is sprayed with a number of very toxic insecticides. After the grain has been made into flour, it is made white with another chemical which is also toxic. Next a dough conditioner is added, along with a softener. The conditioner and softener are poisons, and in fact the softener has sickened and killed experimental animals.

A very toxic anti-fungal compound, is added to keep the bread from getting moldy.

Other foods from the supermarket would show a similar pattern of processing and preserving. You see we buy our good on the basis of smell, color, and texture, instead of vitamin content, and manufacturers give us what we want, even if it is poisonous. The alternative？ Eat health foods, preferable the organic variety.

Which term is used to distinguish between types of the same food？

A．Refined foods,

B．Natural foods.

C．Organic foods.

D．Unprocessed foods.

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Health food is a general term applied to all . kinds of foods that are considered much healthful than the types of foods widely sold in supermarkets. For example, whole grains, dried beans and corn oil are health foods. A narrower classification of health food is natural food. This term is used to distinguish between types of the same food. Raw honey is a natural sweetener, whereas refined sugar is not. Fresh fruit is a natural food, but canned fruit, with sugars and other additives, is not. The most precise term of all and the narrowest classification within health foods is organic food, used to describe food that has been grown on a particular kind of farm. Fruits and vegetables that are grown in gardens that are treated only with organic fertilizers, that are not sprayed with poisonous insecticides, and that are not refined after harvest, are organic foods. Meats, fish, dairy and poultry products from animals that are fed only organically grown feed and that are not injected with hormones are organic foods.

In choosing the type of food you eat, then, you have basically two choices: inorganic, processed foods, or organic, unprocessed foods. A wise decision should include investigation of the allegations that processed foods contain chemicals, some of which are proven to be toxic, and that vitamin content is greatly reduced in processed foods.

Bread is typically used by health food advocates as an example of a processed food. First, the seeds from which the grain is grown are treated with bichloride of mercury, an extremely toxic poison. Later, the grain is sprayed with a number of very toxic insecticides and pesticides. After the grain has been made into flour, it is bleached with nitrogen trichloride or chlorine dioxide, both toxic. Next, a dough conditioner, usually ammonium chloride, is added along with a softener, polyoxymethylene. The conditioner and softener ate poisons, and in fact, the softener has sickened and killed experimental animals.

A very toxic antioxidant is now added along with coal tar, a butter-like yellow dye. Finally calcium propionate, an anti-fungal compound, is added to keep the bread from getting moldy.

Other foods from the supermarket would show a similar pattern of processing and preserving. You see, we buy our food on the basis of smell, color, and texture, instead of vitamin content, and manufacturers give us what we want--even if it is poisonous. The alternative？ Eat health foods, preferably the organic variety.

What was the main idea of this passage？

A．Health foods.

B．The processing of bread.

C．Organic gardens.

D．Poisons.

回答题

Extinction is difficult concept to grasp．It is an（26）concept．It&39;s not at all like the killing of individual lifeforms that can be renewedthrough normal processes of reproduction．Nor is it simply （27）numbers．Nor is it damage that can somehow be remedied or for which some substitute can be ound．Nor is it something that simply affects our own generation．Nor is it something that could be remedied by some supernatural power．It is rather an（28）and final act for which there is no remedy

on earth or in heaven．A species once extinct is gone forever．However many generations（29）us in coming centuries, none of them will ever see this species that we extinguish．Not only are we bringing about the extinction of life（30）, we are also making the land and the air and the sea so toxic that the very conditions of life are being destroyed．（31）basic natural resources, not only are the nonrenewable resources being（32）in a frenzy (疯狂) of processing,consuming, and（33）, but we are also mining much of our renewable resources, such as the very soil itself on which terrestrial (地球上的) life depends．

The change that is taking place on the earth and in our minds is one of the greatest changes ever to take place in human affairs, perhaps the greatest, since what we are talking about is not simply another historical change or cultural（34）, but a change of geological and biological as well as psychological order of（35）

第（26）题 查看材料

Extinction is a difficult concept to grasp. It is an 26 _eternal____ concept. It’s not at all like the killing of individuals lifeforms that can be renewed through normal processes of reproduction. Nor is it simply 27 _diminishing____ numbers. Nor is it damage that can somehow be remedied or for which some substitute can be found. Nor is it something that simply affects our own generation. Nor is it something that could be remedies by some supernatural power. IT is rather an 28 __absolute____ and final act for which there is no remedy on earth or in heaven. A species once extinct is gone forever. However many generations 29___succeed__ us in coming centuries, none of them will ever see this species that we extinguish.

Not only are we bring about the extinction of life 30 _on a vast scale___, we are also making the land and the air and the sea so toxic that the very conditions of life are being destroyed. 31__As regards___ basic natural resources, not only are the nonrenewable resources being 32_used up____ in a frenzy(疯狂) of processing, consuming , and 33_disposing____, but we are also ruining much of our renewable resources, such as the very soil itself on which terrestrial(地球上的) life depends.

The change that is taking place on earth and in our minds is one of the greatest changes ever to take place in human affairs, perhaps the greatest, since what we are talking about is not simply another historical change or cultural 34__modification______, but a change of geological and biological as well as psychological order of 35__magnitude___

both liquid and gaseous states. They need to be safely stored on site after processing until they are shipped out to customers either by road or rail.

Analysis of recently published data, detailing the frequency and impact of earthquakes around the world, suggest that the likelihood of a strong earthquake occurring in the area where WSK has its only manufacturing and chemical storage facility is high. This very serious claim was made by the operations director at a recent board meeting following consultation with the senior scientific team. It has always been recognised that the WSK factory was situated in an area where earthquakes could occur, but the area had not experienced any major tremors for several years.

The possibility of an earthquake which could destroy the WSK factory and then cause a major environmental incident was of grave concern to the board, who decided that it needed to be fully evaluated and then effectively managed. The board asked the scientific team to calculate the probability of a toxic chemical emission being caused by an earthquake together with the consequential effects on the local environment and population, many of whom depended on WSK for employment and commercial activity. However, the scientific team were unable to provide any objective analysis to support their initial claim, they merely offered their best guess of what they perceived the risk to be.

The board concluded that this was inadequate, so they tasked the internal audit team to conduct an environmental audit, and to determine WSK’s environmental footprint.

Required:

(a) Evaluate the difficulties of risk perception, and describe the problems with the perception of risk shown by the scientific team at WSK. (8 marks)

(b) Explain the stages and benefits to WSK of conducting an environmental audit, and assess the importance of then reporting good quality information to the board. (10 marks)

(c) Explain the term environmental footprint, and assess how the activities of WSK contribute to its footprint. (7 marks)

Halon gas will decompose and may form very hazardous toxic fumes when discharged ______.

A.directly on flames

B.at room temperature

C.in an extremely cold climate

D.None of the above

A、PCDDs

B、PCBs

C、HCB

D、Heavy Metals

A.Toxic and infectious substance

B.Corrosives

C.Explosives

D.Radioactive Material

A.will remove all the toxic fumes from the air

B.has the greatest cooling ability

C.will leave no harmful residue

D.completely removes combustible vapors from the air

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Indoor Pollution

Since the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating effects of large-scale environmental pollution. Such pollution is generally the result of poor government planning in many developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialised countries which encourage a minority of the world's population to squander the majority of its natural resources.

While events such as the deforestation of the Amazon jungle or the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl continue to receive high media exposure, as do acts of environmental sabotage, it must be remembered that not all pollution is on this grand scale. A large proportion of the world's pollution has its source much closer to home. The recent spillage of crude oil from an oil tanker accidentally discharging its cargo straight into Sydney Harbour not only caused serious damage to the harbour foreshores but also created severely toxic fumes which hung over the suburbs for days and left the angry residents wondering how such a disaster could have been allowed to happen.

Avoiding pollution can be a fulltime job. Try not to inhale traffic fumes; keep away from chemical plants and building-sites; wear a mask when cycling. It is enough to make you want to stay at home. But that, according to a growing body of scientific evidence, would also be a bad idea. Research shows that levels of pollutants such as hazardous gases, particulate matter and other chemical 'nasties' are usually higher indoors than out, even in the most polluted cities. Since the average American spends 18 hours indoors for every hour outside, it looks as though many environmentalists may be attacking the wrong target.

The latest study, conducted by two environmental engineers, Richard Corsi and Cynthia Howard-Reed, of the University of Texas in Austin, and published in Environmental Science and Technology, suggests that it is the process of keeping clean that may be making indoor pollution worse. The researchers found that baths, showers,dishwashers and washing machines can all be significant sources of indoor pollution, because they extract trace amounts of chemicals from the water that they use and transfer them to the air.

Nearly all public water supplies contain very low concentrations of toxic chemicals, most ofthem left over from the otherwise beneficial process of chlorination. Dr. Corsi wondered whether they stay there when water is used, or whether they end up in the air that people breathe. The team conducted a series of experiments in which known quantities of five such chemicals were mixed with water and passed through a dishwasher, a washing machine, a shower head inside a shower stall or a tap in a bath, all inside a specially designed chamber. The levels of chemicals in the effluent water and in the air extracted from the chamber were then measured to see how much of each chemical had been transferred from the water into the air.

The degree to which the most volatile elements could be removed from the water, a process known as chemical stripping, depended on a wide range of factors, including the volatility of the chemical, the temperature of the water and the surface area available for transfer. Dishwashers were found to be particularly effective: the high-temperature spray,splashing against the crockery and cutlery, results in a nasty plume of toxic chemicals that escapes when the door is opened at the end of the cycle.

In fact, in many cases, the degree of exposure to toxic chemicals in tap water by inhalation is comparable to the exposure that would result from drinking the stuff. This is significant because many people are so concerned about water-borne pollutants that they drink o

A．has increased since the eighties.

B．is at its worst in industrialised countries.

C．results from poor relations between nations.

D．is caused by human self-interest.