题目内容
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Why does the author mention personal computers in Paragraph 3？
A．To indicate that computer technology has already greatly developed.
B．To indicate that a great change in energy technology will occur soon.
C．To indicate that "green power" will be of equal significance.
D．To indicate that solar energy will replace all other energies soon.
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How MEMORY WORKS 1 Memory is the brains ability to store and retrieve information related to previous experiences．Memory occurs in two stages: short-term and long term．Short-term memory reflects an immediate sensory perception of an object or idea that occurs before the image is stored．Short-term memory enables you to dial a telephone number after looking it up but without looking at the number directly．If you call the number frequently, it becomes stored in long-term memory and can be recalled several weeks after you originally looked it up．Short-term memory and long-term memory can be thought of as memory structures, each varying as to how much information it can hold and for how long． 2 Memory relies on the ability to process information．Information processing begins with the environmental stimuli that you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel．These experiences are initially recorded in the brains sensory register, which holds information just long enough (one to three seconds) for you to decide whether to process it further．Information that you do not selectively attend to will disappear from the system．However, if you recognize and attend to the information as meaningful or relevant, it is sent to short-term memory．Short- term memory can hold approximately seven unrelated bits of information at a time． 3 Short-term memory is often called working memory because it holds information that you are working with at a given moment, but only for about 20 seconds．Then, unless the information is processed further, it is quickly forgotten．For example, if you were asked to dial an unfamiliar telephone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something else for 20 seconds, you probably would have forgotten the number at that point．Unless information in short-term memory is processed further, it does not make it to long- term memory． 4 Several control processes enable the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory．One such process is rehearsal, or "practice makes perfect." Rehearsal is when you repeat something to yourself over and over．The purpose behind such behavior. is usually to memorize information for later use, although sometimes it is simply to hold information in short-term memory for immediate use．For example, you may rehearse a telephone number by saying it aloud so you can redial it after getting a busy signal without having to look it up again in the phone book．Another process that enables the transfer of information to long-term memory is the association of new data with data previously learned and stored in long-term memory．Thus, it is easier to learn a new card game if you already have "card sense" from playing other games． 5 For cognitive psychologists, long-term memory is the most interesting of the memory structures, and most believe that the storage capacity of long-term memory is unlimited and contains a permanent record of everything you have learned．Long-term memory plays an influential role throughout the information processing system．The interests, attitudes, skills, and knowledge of the world existing in your long-term memory influence what you perceive and how you interpret your perceptions．They also affect whether you process information for short-term or long-term storage． 6 Long-term memory can hold recollections of personal experiences as well as factual knowledge acquired through other means such as reading．It also holds skills such as knowing how to ride a bicycle．In its ability to learn and remember, the brain can distinguish between facts and skills．When you acquire factual knowledge by memorizing dates, word definitions, formulas, and other information, you can consciously retrieve this fact memory from the data bank of your long-term memory．In contrast, skill memory usually involves motor activities that you learn by repetition without consciously remembering specific information．You perform. learned motor skills, such as walking or riding a bicycle, without consciously recalling the individual steps required to do these tasks.
According to the passage, what must happen before information can be stored in memory？
A．The information must be pleasant.
B．An object or idea must be perceived.
C．An older memory must be replaced.
D．The information must be looked up.
A．reject
B．focus on
C．talk about
D．wait for
Hudson River School The Hudson River School encompasses two generations of painters inspired by Thomas Coles awesomely Romantic images of Americas wilderness in the Hudson River Valley and also in the newly opened West. The Hudson River painters, the first coherent school of American art, helped to shape the themes of the American landscape. Beginning with the works of Thomas Cole (1801—1848) and Asher B. Durand (1796—1886) and evolving into the Luminist and late Romantic schools, landscape painting was the prevalent genre of 19th century American art. With roots in European Romanticism and with correspondences to European painters, the Hudson River painters, nonetheless, set about to heed Emersons call "to ignore the courtly Muses of Europe" and define a distinct vision for American art. The artists translated these ideas into an aesthetic that was sweeping and spontaneous. Like the vast nation that lay before them, which they celebrated with a sense of awe for its majestic natural resources and a feeling of optimism for the huge potential it held, the Hudson River painters depicted a New World wilderness in which man, though minuscule as he was beside the vastness of creation, nevertheless retained that divine spark that completed the circle of harmony. Wilderness was something that Europe no longer possessed— it was uniquely American. These artists painted grandiose and detailed scenery of the Hudson Valley and New England filled with awe and optimism often combined with a moral message. As Thomas Cole maintained, if nature were untouched by the hand of man—as was much of the primeval American landscape in the early 19th century—then man could become more easily acquainted with the hand of God. Sharing the philosophy of the American Transcendentalists that painting should become a vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind, the Hudson River painters believed art to be an agent of moral and spiritual transformation. The impetus to celebrate the glories of the Hudson Valley began before Thomas Cole, but it was Cole with his literary and dramatic instincts and his years of European study who made the most coherent and articulated case for a new art for a new land. He did much to revolutionize not only the styles and themes of American painting, but the methods. Cole sketched from nature, frequently dramatic scenes in the Catskills or White Mountains, and then returned to his studio to compose his large scale canvasses, alive with tactile brushwork and atmospheric lighting that seemed to breathe. The influence of the Hudson River School was carried into the mid-19th century by artists like John Frederick Kensett and Martin Johnson Heade, who came to be known as Luminists because of their experiments with the effects of light on water and sky, and by Frederic Edwin Church. Church, who based himself in his panoramic home in the Catskills at Olana, sought more extensive horizons for his canvasses. Like Walt Whitman he tried to contain multitudes. He traveled the globe, painting scenery from the Hudson Valley to the American West to the Andes, Amazon, and Arctic, and he laid the foundation for the post-Civil War generation of landscape painters. A painting which has become a virtual emblem for the Hudson River School is KINDRED SPIRITS by Asher B. Durand, which hangs in New York Citys Public Library. In it Durand depicts himself, together with Cole, on a rocky promontory in serene contemplation of the scene before them; the gorge with its running stream, the gossamer Catskill mists shimmering in a palette of subtle colors, framed by foliage. (A) [■] In the foreground stands one of the schools famous symbols—a broken tree stump—what Cole called a "memento mori" or reminder that life is fragile and impermanent; (B) [■]only Nature and the Divine within the Human Soul are eternal. (C) [■]As Cole and Durand firmly believed, if the American landscape was a new Garden of Eden, then it was they, as artists, who kept the keys of entry. (D) [■]
The word encompasses in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.
A．separates
B．includes
C．replaces
D．enhances
A．To show that the artists play a very important role in lifting the souls of people and thus enabling people to have a pure life.
B．To demonstrate that artists and their paintings should serve as a bridge between the universal mind and the mind of humans.
C．To prove that artists were very important in expressing the themes of the Hudson River paintings.
D．To state that artists should have a broad knowledge of the Bible in order to fully depict the themes of the Hudson River paintings.
B．She plans to attend the fair.
C．She can"t meet the man on Saturday.
D．She has already seen the movie.
A．Square Ａ.
B．Square Ｂ.
C．Square Ｃ.
D．Square Ｄ.
B．Kevin often gets strange haircuts.
C．The man should get a haircut like Kevin"s.
D．Kevin"s haircut looks good on him.
听力原文： OK, uh lets um, lets start with the definition. In one sense, anthropology is an old study. The Greek historian, Herodotus, sometimes called the "father of anthropology" as well as the "father of history", describes at length the physique and customs of the Scythians, Egyptians, and other "Barbarians". Chinese scholars of the Han Dynasty wrote monographs upon the Hiung-Nu, a light-eyed tribe wandering near Chinas northwestern frontier. The Roman historian Tacitus produced his famous study of the Germans. Long before Herodotus, even, the Babylonians of the time of Hammurabi, collected in museums objects made by the Sumerians, their predecessors in Mesopotamia. The astonishing thing is that during the last decade or so, the word "anthropology" and some of its terms have come out of hiding to appear with increasing frequency in The New Yorker, Life, The Saturday Evening Post, detective stories, and even in moving pictures. It is also symptomatic of a trend that many colleges and universities and some secondary schools have indicated their intention of introducing anthropology in their revised courses of study. Although anthropologists— like psychiatrists and psychologists—are still regarded with a bit of suspicion, present-day society is beginning to feel they have something useful as well as diverting to offer. We dont know ourselves very well. We talk about a rather vague thing called "human nature". We vehemently assert that it is "human nature" to do this and not to do that. Yet anybody who has lived in the American Southwest, to cite one instance, knows from ordinary experience that the laws of this mysterious "human nature" do not seem to work out exactly the same way for the Spanish-speaking population, and for the various Indian tribes. This is where the anthropologists come in. It is their task to record the variations and the similarities in human physique, in the things people make, in ways of life. Only when we find out just how men who have had different upbringing, who come from different physical conditions, meet their problems can we be sure as to what all human beings have in common. Only then can we claim scientific knowledge of raw human nature. The main trends of anthropological thought have been focused on a few questions of broad human interest, such as what has been the course of human evolution, both biologically and culturally？ Are there any general principles or "laws" governing this evolution？ What necessary connections, if any, exist between the physical type, the speech, and the customs of the peoples of past and present？ What generalizations can be made about human beings in groups？ How plastic is man？ How much can he be molded by training or by necessary to adapt to environmental pressures？ Why are certain personality types more characteristic of some societies than of others？ To most people, however, anthropology still means measuring skulls, treating little pieces of broken pottery with fantastic care, and reporting the outlandish customs of savage tribes. The anthropologist is the grave robber, the collector of Indian arrowheads, the queer fellow who lives with unwashed cannibals. As Sol Tax remarks, the anthropologist has had a function in society "something between that of an Einstein dealing with the mysterious and that of an entertainer". His specimens, his pictures, or his tales may serve for an hours diversion, but are pretty dull stuff compared to the world of grotesque monsters from distant ages which the paleontologist can recreate, the wonders of modern plant and animal life described by the biologist, the excitement of unimaginable far-off universes and cosmic processes roused by the astronomer. Surely anthropology seems the most useless and impractical of all the "-ologies". In a world of rocket ships and international organizations, what can the study of the obscure and primitive offer to the solution of todays problems？ "The longest way round is often the shortest way home." The preoccupation with insignificant non-literate peoples that is an outstanding feature of anthropological work is the key to its significance today. Anthropology grew out of experience with primitives and the tools of the trade are unusual because they were forged in this peculiar workshop. Studying primitives enables us to see ourselves better. Ordinarily we are unaware of the special lens through which we look at life. It would hardly be fish who discovered the existence of water. Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive customs which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees, as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man and lets him look at himself in his definite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologists work in non-literate societies.Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.
Who is the "father of anthropology"？
A．Hammurabi.
B．Herodotus.
C．Tacitus.
D．Hiung-Nu.
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