56A.great B.strongC.high D.deep

A.turning

B.jumping

C.shouting

D.shaking

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

The immune system is equal incomplexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. Thesuccess of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamicregulatory com- munication network consisting of millions and millions ofcells. Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back andforth like clouds of bees flying around a hive (蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks andbalances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriateeffective, and self-limiting.

At the heart of the immunesystem is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When im- munedefenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonselfmolecules,the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders(入侵者). Virtually everybody cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immunedefenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in s state known asself-toler- ance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonselfmolecule, the system has the abil- ity to"remember" the specifics ofthe foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species ofmolecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception ofantibodies(抗体)

passed during lactation (哺乳期),this so called immune system memory is notinherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune systemmust "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctivenonself molecules in the sea of microbes(微生物)in which we live. Learning en- tails producing theappropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonselfinvader.

Any substance capable oftriggering an immune response is called an antigen(抗原). Antigens are notto be confused with allergens (过敏原), which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immunesystem to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. Anantigen can be a virus, a bacterium or even a portion or product of one ofthese organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens;because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, itrejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they arefirst brokendown by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenicbuilding blocks. An antigen announces its for- eignness by means of intricateand characteristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位) , which protrude(突出) from its surface. Most antigens, even thesimplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective thanothers at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situation does theimmune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immuneattack.

What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in theimmune system？

A.The immune system's memory

B.Immune troops eliminating intruders

C.Bees flying around a hiv

D.A sea of microbes

A.who

B.when

C.that

D.what

A.especially

B.specially

C.naturally

D. roughly

1. Yes, alcoholism can be treated. Alcoholism treatment programs use both counseling and medi-cation（药物治疗）to help a person stop drinking. Most alcoholics need help to recover from their dis-ease. With support and treatment, many people are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives.

2．A range of medication is used to treat alcoholism. Benzodiazepines（苯二氮平类药物）are some-times used during the first days after a person stops drinking to help him or her safely withdraw fromalcoh01.However,these medications are not used beyond the first few days because they may be high—ly addictive.Other medications help people remain sober（清醒）.One medication used for this purposeis naltrexone（环丙甲羟二羟吗啡酮）．When combined with counseling，naltrexone can reduce the strong desire for alcohol and help prevent a person from returnmg to heaVy drinking.Another medica—tion,disulfiram（戒酒硫）,discourages drinking by making the person feel sick if he or she drinks al—coh01-Though several medications help treat alcoholism,there is no“magic bullet”.DeVeloping new and more effective medications to treat alcoholism remains a high priority for researchers.

3.Alcoholism treatment works for many people.But just like any chronic disease,there are different leV—els of success in treatment.sOme people stop drinking and remain sober.Others cannot stop drinking for anylength of time.With treatment,one thing is clear,howeVer,the longer a person stops drinking alcohol'the rnore likely he or she wiU be able to stay sober.

4.No,alcoholism cannot be cured at this time.Even if an alcoholic hasn't been drinking for a longtime,he or she can stiU return to the drinking habit.To guard against it,an alcoholic must continue to avoid all alcoholic drinks.

Paragraph l____

A.what medications treat alcoholism？

B.what are drinking probiems？

C.can alcoholism be cured？

D.does alcoholism be cured？

E.what is alcoholism？

F.can alcoholism be treated？

A.stay confused

B.alcoholic drinks

C.medical treatment

D.feel sick

E.in every peroson

F.stop drinking

PuertoRico, a Caribbean c加勒比海区) island rich in history and remarkable naturalbeauty, has a cui-sine all its ownImmigration(移民) to the island has helped to shape its cuisine, with people from allover theworld making various contributions to it. However, before the arrivalof these immigrants, the Taino peoplelived on the island of Puerto Rico.Taino cuisine included such foods as rodents (啮齿动物) , freshshellfishand fish fried in corn oil.

Manyaspects of Taino cuisine continue today in Puerto Rican cooking, but it hasbeen heavily in-fluenced by the Spanish, who invaded Puerto Rico in 1508, andAfricans, who were initially broughtto Puerto Ricoto work as slaves. Taino cooking styles were mixed with ideas brought by theSpanishand Africans to create new dishes. The Spanish extended food choices bybringing cattle, pigs, goats,and sheep to the island. Africans also added tothe island's food culture by introducing powerful, con-trasting tastes indishes. In fact, much of the food Puerto Ricois now famous for-coffee, coconuts.and oranges-was actually imported byforeigners to the island.

Acommon assumption many people make about Puerto Rican food is that it is veryspicy (辛辣的). It's true that chili peppers are popular; aij caballero in particularis a very hot chili pepper thatPuerto Ricans enjoy. However, milder (微辣的) tastes arepopular too, such as sofrito. As thebase ofmany Puerto Rican dishes, sofrito is a sauce made from chopped onions,green bell peppers, sweetchili peppers, and a handful of other spices. It isfried in oil and then added to other dishes.

Who lived in Puerto Ricofirst？

A.The Africans.

B.The Spanish

C.The Americans.

D.The Taino people.