Using fear as a motivator is a Theory X management style.

___.

A．some employees may erase information from payroll files

B．students who send out a "virus" may do damages to thousands of computers

C．some people may spread fear in public by destroying computer systems

D．some terrorists are trying to contact each other using electronic mails

In order to learn a foreign language well, it is

necessary to overcome the fear of doing mistakes. 【M1】 ______.

If the primary goal of language use is communication,

then mistakes are second considerations that may be 【M2】 ______.

dealt with gradually as awareness of those mistakes

increased. On the other hand, students should not ignore 【M3】 ______.

their mistakes. The language learner may observe how

native speakers express them, and how native expressions 【M4】 ______.

differ away from the way the learner might say them. 【M5】 ______.

For example, a Spanish speaker who has been saying "I

do it" to express willing to do something in the immediate 【M6】 ______.

future, could, by interacting with native speakers of the 【M7】 ______.

English, observe that native speakers actually say "I'll do

it". The resulting discrepancy (差异) can serve like a basis 【M8】 ______.

for the student to modify his way of using a present tense in 【M9】 ______.

English. But a student who is willing to interact at the first 【M10】 ______.

place would lose this opportunity to learn by trial and error.

【M1】

cerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valsey or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

Lots of studies have found that well-education people form. developing counting are particularly likely to emigrants , A big survey of Indian households in 2004found that nearly 40% of emigrants had morn than a high-school education ,compared with around 3.3%of all Indian over the age of 25. This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor counties .They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled worker who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospital and come up with clever new product for their factories to make

Why do we laugh？For years scientist have asked 21 this question. No other animals laugh and smile --- only human beings. So does laughter help us to survive in any way？The answer seems to be that smiling and laughter help us to 22 ，reducing tension and preventing illnesses which are caused by stress. Laughter really is the best medicine？Scientists in California asked a group of actors to act out five different feelings：happiness，sadness，anger，surprise and 23 --- just using their faces. Changes in their heart rate，blood pressure and temperature were written down. Most of the feelings they acted out didn’t cause changes，but when the actors smiles，their heart rate and their blood pressure 24 . This happened even though they were only acting!So even if we feel sad inside，smiling seems to make us feel better.So if you find yourself in a stressful situation，try to imagine how it must seemto an outsider 25 a sense of humor and let yourself laugh. (171 words)

21. A.relax

B.went down

C.fear

D.themselves

E. with

22. A.relax

B.went down

C.fear

D.themselves

E. with

23. A. relax

B. went down

C. fear

D. themselves

E. with

24. A.relax

B. went down

C. fear

D. themselves

E. with

25.A. relax

B. went down

C. fear

D. themselves

E. with

特别提醒： 阅读填空题作答时，每个空格中只需填入一个大写英文字母，不要输入任何空格或标点符号，也不要填入小写字母。祝大家考出考成绩！ Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks(1-10). You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank below. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter A to O. Please write the corresponding letter to fill in the blanks IN ORDER. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. A For example B Thus C However D Despite E More importantly F Secondly G Further H But I In fact J Future work K Typically L Moreover M In other words N Finally O In this study A For example B Thus C However D Despite E More importantly F Secondly G Further H But I In fact J Future work K Typically L Moreover M In other words N Finally O In this study ___(36)___reported sex differences in rodent and human fear conditioning, there was no a priori reason to expect a male-specific hypersensitivity (or, for that matter, a malespecific effect of novelty-related stress-induced analgesia shown in Figure S1). __(37)___, sex-specific effects of fearconditioned responses are driven by high levels of estrogen, which may facilitate initial fear acquisition and enhanced extinction and memory recall. ___(38)___, women report more clinical pain and are reliably more sensitive to pain in experimental studies. __(39)__, any expected sex difference should have involved heightened sensitivity in females. __(40)___, sex differences in the underlying spinal and brainstem mechanisms of pain processing have been demonstrated in rodents and humans. __(41)___, both female mice and humans were initially more sensitive to thermal pain than males, just not significantly so. The sex difference in conditioned hypersensitivity might be fundamentally related to stress in both species. Male mice and male humans exhibited evidence of increased stress on the second day of testing, and for mice, stress measured as plasma corticosterone seemed to be responsible for the observed stress-induced hypersensitivity in males only. ___(42)___ might explicitly test cortisol in human males to confirm the role of stress beyond self-reported stress. In both species, the hypersensitivity was context dependent, and considering that pre-treatment with the aPKC antagonist, ZIP, was able to reverse the phenomenon when administered i.c.v., a reasonable interpretation is that males more effectively recalled (or were more emotionally affected by recalling) the stress-inducing properties of the context on day 2 of testing. PKMz has been implicated in the processing of classical fear conditioning, using paradigms that are not dissimilar to those employed here. __(43)__, one study of PKMz and spatial memory showed that training increased synaptic PKMz in male, __(44)__ not female, rats and that synaptic PKMz levels correlated with memory retention in males, but not females. The direction of sex differences in fear conditioning studies is controversial, with some studies suggesting that male rodents exhibit more conditioned fear and others finding no sex difference or suggesting the opposite. The human literature is similarly contradictory. Clear conclusions are hampered by complexities related to prior or concurrent stressors, social factors, choice of unconditioned responses, and whether sex differences are attributable to acquisition, retention, and/or extinction of the memory. In one study of conditioned fear using electric shock, __(45)__, women gave higher subjective ratings of fear on day 2 of testing but lower skin conductance responses.

【21】If the primary goal of language use is communication, the mistakes are 【22】consideration that may be dealt 【23】gradually as awareness of those mistakes increases. On 【24】, students should not 【25】their mistakes. The learner may observe how native speakers express themselves, and how 【26】expressions differ from the way the learner might say them. For example, a Spanish speaker who 【27】"I do it. "to express willingness to do something in the immediate future, could, by inter- acting(相互作用) 【28】native speakers of English, observe that native speakers actually say "I'11 do it". The resulting discrepancy(不同)can serve as a basis for the student to modify (个性)his way of using the present tense in English. But a student who is unwilling to interact 【29】the first place would lose this opportunity to learn by 【30】and error.

(36)

A．mistakes

B．flaws

C．errors

D．wrongs

mistakes. If the primary goal of language use is communication, then mistakes are secondary considerations that may be dealt with gradually as awareness of those mistakes increases. On the other hand, students should not ignore their mistakes. The language learner may observe how native speakers express themselves, and how native expressions differ from the way the learner might say them. For example, a Spanish speaker who has been saying "I do it" to express willingness to do something in the immediate future, could, by communicating with native speakers of English, observe that native speakers actually say "I'll do it". This difference can serve as a basis for the student to change his way of using the present tense in English. But a student who is unwilling to communicate in the first place would lose this opportunity to learn by trial and error.

According to the passage, the present tense in English is ______.

A．not used to express a desire to do something in the immediate future

B．used with some verbs but not with others to express future intention

C．basically the same in English as it is in Spanish

D．not the most difficult problem for foreign students