In the early 1950’s, historians who studied pre-in...

第1题

Speech act theory did not come into being until ______.A．the late 50's of the 20th century

Speech act theory did not come into being until ______.

A．the late 50's of the 20th century,

B．the early 1950's of the 20th century.

C．the late 1960's of the 20th century.

D．the early 21st century,

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第2题

Rock Music in its Early StageRock music, which is short for rock 'n' roll, in its true sen

Rock Music in its Early Stage

Rock music, which is short for rock 'n' roll, in its true sense, refers to the music of the young. Rock music is American on both sides of the family if you trace its pedigree far enough. Its technical elements have come down through the commercial rock-and-roll and rhythm-and-blues of the 1950s from the two deepest fountains of American popular music, black blues and white country music. But in 1965, the two traditions fused to create the genre now widely known as rock music, largely thanks to the emergence of Bob Dylan. Now, rock is a part of popular music today. It is played and listened to in almost all the countries of the world.

Until the 1950's, American popular music was divided into three separate styles, each with its own performers, musical content, and audience. One style. was called "pop", and it served most Americans. Pop songs came from movies, Broadway musicals, and pop composers. The songs were mainly simple, 32-bar melodies whose words were about love. They were played by bands in dancehalls, restaurants, nightclubs, and on radio. The bands consisted of any where from six to more than 20 musicians playing combinations of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and clarinet, with a rhythm section of drums, guitar, string bass, or piano. Soloists or small vocal groups generally accompanied the bands.

In the late 1930's and 1940's, there were hundreds of "big bands". The most popular included the white bands of Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, and Woody Herman. There were also the more jazz-style. black bands of Jimmie Lunceford, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington. After World War II, individual singers such as Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Nat ("King") Cole, Doris Day, and Patti Page, most of whom had been band singers, became much more popular than the bands themselves.

The second style, "rhythm-and-blues", came from the blues sung by black performers along with the fast dance music that had grown out of ragtime and boogie-woogie. It was the popular music of the black people of the United States, played and sung in taverns and clubs or listened to on records in jukeboxes(自动点唱机). (Once called "race" music, it is now called "soul".) Two of the most popular rhythm-and-blues performers of the 1940's and early 1950's were Chuck Berry, B. B. King.

Both the white pop bands and the black rhythm-and-blues musicians were influenced by jazz and by Negro spirituals and gospel music(福音音乐).

The third style. is now called "country-and-western", but before World War II it was often called "hillbilly" music. It includes the commercialized folk music of the rural South and the cowboy music of the Southwest. The main center of the music has always been Nashville, Tennessee. It is performed largely by soloists accompanied by guitar and sometimes by horns and a rhythm section. The popular singers of the 1940's and 1950's included Hank Williams.

Rock and roll was the name given to the music that developed when these three separate styles came together in the early 1950's. It is widely believed that the term "rock and roll" was first used by a Cleveland disc jockey(流行音乐节目主持人) named Alan Freed. He was one of the first people to bring rhythm-and-blues to white audiences. He did this on his radio program and through concerts he produced, beginning in 1951, which presented black and white performers to audiences of black and white teenagers. That year, Alan Freed began a regular program featuring rhythm-and-blues music; Freed called the program "Moondog's Rock and Roll Party". The show became an instant hit among local white teenagers. Between 1951 and 1954, the white adolescent fascination with rhythm-and-blues that Alan Freed championed and popularized became a nationwide phenomenon. But not any one person created rock and roll. Rock was born as a result of changes in the music, broadcasting, advertising and e

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第3题

In the early 1950's, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe （which we may define her

In the early 1950's, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the nonelite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt. One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as "a point of entry into the mental world of the poor." Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.

The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years, This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the nonelite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.

Before the early 1950's, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe had______.

A．used surveys that were statistical in nature

B．failed to distinguish between political and social elite

C．limited their work to a small portion of the population

D．relied heavily on birth, marriage, and death records

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第4题

One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thin

king about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate-- every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89. 2 in 1930, 75. 8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.

With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise large families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rate rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important factor, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of school children rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better- paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.

Therefore, in the 1950'S and 1960's, the baby boom hit an old- fashioned and inadequate school system. Consequently, it was impossible to keep youths aged sixteen and older in school as in 1930's and early 1940's. Schools were to find space and staff to teach younger children aged from five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grade and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.

What is the passage mainly concerned with？

A．The impact of the baby boom on public education.

B．Birth rates in the United States in the 1930's and 1940's.

C．The teaching profession during the baby boom.

D．The role of the family in the 1950's and 1960's.

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第5题

In the 1950's accumulating scientific evidence linking cigarette smoking and lung cancer m

ade a(51)impact(52)the smoking public. During this period many health agencies declared smoking to be a(53)Hazard. US Surgeon General Leroy E. Brunei said in 1957: "The weigh of the evidence is increasingly pointing to one direction: that(54)smoking is one of the causative factors in lung cancer." The initial reports had the heaviest impact, so(55)total cigarette production dropped in 1953 and again in 1954.(56)reports appeared to have less(57)on smoking habits, and by 1957 cigarette production had (58)above the 1952 level.

(59)four voluntary health organizations urgued president John F. Kennedy to(60)a commission to study the widespread implications of the tobacco problem, the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health was(61)in 1962 to review and evaluate all(62)scientific data. When its report, Smoking and Health, was released in early 1964, cigarette consumption again declined(63). Pipe and cigar smoking increased. More than 350, 000 copies of the report were contributed and sold.(64)abstracts and pamphlets were prepared by the Public Health Service and other organizations(65)a massive educational campaign on the hazards of cigarette smoking.

A．co-ordinate

B．distinct

C．miraculous

D．principal

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第6题

A new study uses advanced brain-scanning technology to cast light onto a topic that 【M1】__

____

psychologists have puzzled over more than half a century: social conformity. The study 【M2】______

was based on a famous series of laboratory experiment from the 1950's by a social psy 【M3】______

chologist, Dr. Solomon Asch. In those early studies, the subjects were shown two cards.

On the first was a vertical line. On the second were three lines, one of them the same length

with that on the first card. Then the subjects were asked to say which two lines were 【M4】______

like, something that most 5-year-olds could answer correctly. But Dr. Asch added a twist. 【M5】______

Seven other people, in cahoots with the researchers, also examined the lines and gave

their answers before the subjects did. And sometimes these confederates unconsciously 【M6】______

gave the wrong answer. Dr. Asch was astonished at what happened next.. After thinking 【M7】______

hard, three out of four subjects agreed with the incorrect answers given by the confederates 【M8】______

at least once. And one in four conformed 50 percent of the time. Dr. Asch, who died

in 1996, always wondered about the findings. Did the people who gave in to group do so

knowing that their answers was right？ Or did the social pressure actually change their

perceptions？ The researchers found that social conformity showed up in the brain like 【M9】______

activity in regions that are entirely devoted to perception. But independence of judgment

m standing up for one' s beliefs M showed up as activity in brain areas involved in emotion,

the study found, suggesting that there be a cost for going against the group. 【M10】______

【M1】

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第7题

Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion,

and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Marketing adds value in the form. of utility, or the power of a product or service to satisfy a need. It creates place utility by making products available where customers want them, time utility by making products available when customers want them, and possession utility by transferring the ownership of products to buyers.

Business people focused on the production of goods from the Industrial Revolution until the early twentieth century, and on the selling of goods from the 1920s to the 1950s. Marketing received little attention up to that point. After 1950, however, business people recognized that their enterprises involved not only production and selling but also the satisfaction of customers'needs. They began to implement the marketing concept, a business philosophy that involves the entire business organization in the dual process of satisfying customer needs and achieving the organization's goals.

Implementation of the marketing concept begins and ends with marketing information about customers — first to determine what customers need, and later to evaluate how well the firm is meeting those needs.

21. Marketing adds value in the form. of utility, or the power of a product or service to satisfy a need.

22. Business people focused on the production of goods from the Industrial Revolution until the 19 century.

23. From 1920s to 1950s, marketing received a lot of attention from public.

24. Business people began to implement the marketing concept, a business philosophy that involves the process of satisfying customer needs and achieving the organization's goal.

25. Implementation of the marketing concept begins and ends with marketing information about customers.

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第8题

3. Rabbits in Australia Rabbits were introduced to...

3. Rabbits in Australia Rabbits were introduced to Australia with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. Within 50 years rabbits had spread throughout the most of the continent with devastating impact on indigenous flora and fauna. Large numbers of rabbits were reported around Geelong in 1869 and around Campebell Town in Tasmania later the same year. A large scale plague occurred in 1871 throughout parts of Tasmania starting prior to March, with farmers using strychnine in an attempt to control numbers and continuing through to May of the same year. In 1876 a plague was reported in districts around Kapunda in South Australia with a commission being established to find the cause and suitable methods of control of the problem. Areas between the Riverina through to the Mallee country and Charlton were being plagued by large numbers of rabbits in 1877 and 1878. The Rabbits Nuisance Suppression Bill was introduced into the Parliament of Victoria in an effort to combat the problem. By 1878 and early 1879 the plague had spread into northern areas of South Australia Numbers of rabbits in the affected areas were still considered problematic through the 1880s and 1890s. Large numbers of the pest were still found throughout parts of Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia through the early 1900s while the areas were also gripped by drought. After the drought broke in around 1904 numbers of rabbits and mice started to grow again in the same areas as well as parts of Queensland to plague proportions. Following a reduction in numbers during the drought of 1914 to 1915, plagues of rabbits were reported in 1918 through parts of South Australia and western New South Wales. In 1932 and 1933 rabbits again bred up in large numbers in parts of New South Wales, South Australian and Victoria causing massive damage to crops and feed. Field trials for the myxomatosis virus were carried out in 1936 by the CSIR Division of Animal Health and Nutrition, as a method of controlling rabbit population. The trials were successful in killing rabbits in their warrens but did not spread well between warrens. By 1946 another plague was being predicted by graziers following a drought breaking, and numbers of rabbits started to rise in 1948 and continue into 1949 and 1950 causing massive damage to crops in parts of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia in a plague described as the worst rabbit plague in Australia's history. The myxomatosis virus was released in 1950 to reduce pest rabbit numbers. It initially reduced the wild rabbit population by 95% but since then resistance to the virus has increased. 5. What contributed to the reduction of the number of wild rabbit？

A、The Rabbits Nuisance Suppression Bill.

B、The drought.

C、Myxomatosis virus.

D、Strychnine.

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第9题

The cornerstone of the White House was laid October 13, 1792, on a site selected by Presid

ent George Washington. Plans for the house were drawn by Irish-born architect James Hoban, who also superintended its construction. (Hoban also supervised the reconstruction of the house after it was burned by the British in 1814, and the erection of the north and south porticos some years later. ) The exterior sandstone walls were painted during the course of construction, causing the building to be termed the "White House" from an early date. For many years, however, people generally refered to it as the "President's House" or the "President's Palace".

The White House was first occupied by President and Mrs. John Adams in November 1800. Most of the building's interior had not yet been completed, and Mrs. Adams used the unfinished East Room to dry the family wash. During Thomas Jefferson's administration, the east and west terraces were constructed. Jefferson's also opened the house each morning to all visitors--an extension of the democratic simplicity he favored and practiced in his social life

When James Madison became President in 1809, his wife, the famous Dolley Madison, introduced some of the brilliance and glitter of Old World courts into the social life of the White House. Then, on August 24, 1814, British forces captured Washington and burned the house in retaliation for the destruction by American troops of some public buildings in Canada. Although only the partially damaged sandstone walls and interior brickwork remained, reconstruction of the building began in 1815. And the White House was ready for occupancy by President James Monroe in September 1817. The south portico was built in 1824; the large north portico over the entrance and the driveway, in 1829.

Throughout its history, the White House has kept pace with modern improvements. Spring water was piped into the building in 1834, gas lighting was introduced in 1848, and a hot-water heating system was in- stalled in 1853. During Andrew Johnson's administration, the east terrace was removed entirely. In 1881, the first elevator was installed. And in 1891, during Benjamin Harrison's administration, the house was wired for electricity.

When Theodore Roosevelt moved into the White House in 1901, its interior was a conglomeration of styles and periods, and the house itself needed extensive structural repairs. Congress appropriated money to repair and refurnish the house and to construct new offices for the president. (399)

This article focuses most clearly on ______.

A．the architectural beauties of the White House

B．early residents of the White House

C．improvements in the White House

D．the history of the White House to 1950

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