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名义利率(nominal interest rate)和实际利率(real interest rate)
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Discuss the following statement：“When a change in a country's nominal interest rate is caused by a rise in the expected real interest rate，the domestic currency appreciates．When the change is caused by a rise in expected inflation，the currency depreciates.”
Can you suggest an event that would cause a country's nominal interest rate to rise and its currency to appreciate simultaneously，in a world of perfectly flexible prices？
On September 21, 1995, “House Speaker Newt Gingrich threatened to send the United States into default on its debt for the first time in the nation's history, to force the Clinton Administration to balance the budget on Republican terms” (New York Times, September 22, 1995, A1). That same day, the interest rate on 30-year U.S. government bonds rose from 6.46 to 6.55 percent, and the dollar fell in value from 102.7 to 99.0 yen. Use the model of the large open economy to explain this event.
“Traveling in Italy is much cheaper now than it was ten years ago, ”says a friend, “Ten years ago, a dollar bought 1,000 lire; this year, a dollar buys 1,500 lire. ”Is your friend right or wrong？ Given that total inflation over this period was 25 percent in the United States and 100 percent in Italy, has it become more or less expensive to travel in Italy？ Write your answer using a concrete example-such as a cup of American coffee versus a cup of Italian coffee-that will convince your friend.
What will happen to the trade balance and the real exchange rate of a small open economy when government purchases inerease, such as during a war？ Does your answer depend on whether this is a local war or a world war？
If Germany has low inflation and Italy has high inflation, what will happen to the exchange rate between the German mark and the Italian lira？
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