Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, f..

第1题

"They'll take a mile." (Para.2), "they" refers to______.

A.psychologists

B.cards

C.emotions

D.friends

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第2题

Skenazy's decision to let her son take the subway alone has met with______.A．opposition fr

Skenazy's decision to let her son take the subway alone has met with______.

A．opposition from her own family

B．official charges of child abuse

C．approval from psychologists

D．somewhat mixed responses

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第3题

In the sentence "Maybe you have to take them..." （Para. 4) the word "them" best refers to

In the sentence "Maybe you have to take them..." (Para. 4) the word "them" best refers to ______.

A．neuroscientists and psychologists

B．Shaw and his colleagues

C．the experiments by Shaw and his team

D．Shaw's findings

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第4题

Psychologists find the list a good place where they can study human behavior. bec

ause________．

A．here humans behave the way animals do

B．people in a lift are all scared

C．here some people take noted

D．in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks

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第5题

Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behavior. because

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A.here humans behave the way animals do

B.people in a lift are all scared

C.here some people take notes

D.in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks

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第6题

In order to stay competitive at work, employees _________A. must do endless tests provide

In order to stay competitive at work, employees _________

A. must do endless tests provided by company psychologists

B. decide to give up their individual happiness and health

C. have to keep an eye constantly on other co-workers

D. have to take the risk of sacrificing both health and happiness

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第7题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child's happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents' happiness？ Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart. A good "old-fashioned" spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict？ The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn't even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.

Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents' confidence in their own authority. And it hasn't taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on child-care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don't know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. $o, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents' lives are regulated according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey？

Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.

The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there's some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.

What is implied in the first sentence？

A．There is no defense for Victorian attitude.

B．Freud' advice leaves children running wild.

C．Parents cannot be too strict with their' children.

D．Child-care books prove outdated and harmful.

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第8题

Why did you decide to read this, and will you keep reading to the end？ Do you expect to un

derstand every 【C1】______ part of it and will you remember anything about it in a fortnight's 【C2】______ ？ Common sense 【C3】______ that the answers 【C4】______ these questions depend on "readability" -whether the 【C5】______ matter is interesting, the argument clear and the 【C6】______ attractive. But psychologists are discovering that to 【C7】______ why people read-and often don't read-technical information, they have to 【C8】______ not so much the writing as the reader.

Even the most technically confident people often 【C9】______ instructions for the video or home computer in 【C10】______ of hands-on experience. And people frequently 【C11】______ little notice of consumer information, 【C12】______ on nutritional labels or in the small print of contracts. Psychologists researching reading 【C13】______ to assume that both beginners and 【C14】______ readers read everything put in front of them from start to finish. There are 【C15】______ among them about the 【C16】______ of eyes, memory and brain during the 【C17】______ . Some believe that fluent readers take 【C18】______ every letter or Word they see; others 【C19】______ that readers rely on memory or context to carry them from one phrase to another. But they have always assumed that the reading process is the same: reading starts, comprehension 【C20】______ , then reading stops.

【C1】

A．absolute

B．one

C．single

D．unique

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第9题

External RewardsPsychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm prais

External Rewards

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认识学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in New York. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.

In earlier grades, the use of socalled token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performancebased points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ______.

A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

B．the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity

C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

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第10题

听力原文：Psychologists believe that our dreams can often give us interesting information a

听力原文： Psychologists believe that our dreams can often give us interesting information about ourselves, if we will take the time to look at them seriously. On the simplest level, dreams can make us aware of things we have missed during the day because we were too busy to notice them. For instance, if you dream of your teeth falling out, you may have unconsciously picked up signs of dental trouble. Or if you dream of missing an important appointment, our dream may be trying to remind you of an engagement coming up that you have forgotten write down.

On a deeper level, dreams can show us how we really feel about our relationships, for instance, a young woman who considered herself fairly happily married dreamed of angrily bashing her husband over the head with a vacuum cleaner. The dream was urging the woman to get in touch with her feelings of resentment toward her husband for insisting that she stay home instead of taking an interesting job.

(33)

A．That she was vacuuming her apartment.

B．That she was very happy.

C．That she was hitting her husband with a household appliance.

D．That her husband attacked her with a vacuum cleaner.

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第11题

Doctors and psychologists are talking a lot about stress nowadays. We keep hearing about h

ow harmful stress is --how it【C1】______our efficiency, lowers our【C2】______, leads to all sorts of mental and physical problems, and even【C3】______our family life by making us unbearably【C4】______. We are constantly【C5】______suggestions about how to【C6】______stress, or how to make it" work for us ",or at least keep it【C7】______out of hand.

Every month【C8】______a new article or book to read about stress; we can even take courses in "stress【C9】______"All of these ideas are certainly very【C10】______, -- that is, ff you leave out the fact【C11】______the pressure to avoid stress is just making people more【C12】______. The more good【C13】______I read about how to live with stress,【C14】______. I know I'm supposed to schedule free time【C15】______take it easy, but I just keep putting it【C16】______. 1 know I should practice deep breathing and muscle【C17】______techniques, but I'm too lazy. So I feel guilty. I feel like a failure. And that causes me more【C18】______than the stress I'm living with in the first place. In fact, if I hear one more good idea【C19】______coping with stress, I think I'll【C20】______.

【C1】

A．reduces

B．relieves

C．restricts

D．reveals

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Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,