题目内容
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A．the richness of the deposits
B．the effectiveness of the ROV
C．how much it lakes to mine the sea
D．how profitable mineral mining is
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Nautilus Minerals, based in Vancouver, is the more advanced of the pair. It has an exploratory licence from Papua New Guinea and has already begun drilling operations 1,600 metres below sea level off the east coast of the country. Another company, Neptune Minerals, based in London and Sydney, has completed test drilling in the deep waters near New Zealand.
Nautilus's deep-water exploration relies on a modified deep-sea remotely operated vehicle (ROV) of the kind normally used in the oil anti telecom industries. It has a manipulator hand containing drilling and cutting tools that allow the robot to retrieve samples of rock from the ocean bed. So far the drilling has only been exploratory, but the prospects look good.
The presence of these rich deposits has been known about for years, says Steven Scott, a geologist at the University of Toronto. He has been researching underwater geology since the 1980s, and in the 1990s he co-discovered the deposit that Nautilus is exploring. So why has it taken so long to move towards the commercial exploitation of deep sea massive sulphide deposits？ Mr. Heydon (the boss of Nautilus) says it is because the ROV technology has only recently be come capable enough. He eventually hopes to use rock-cutting ROVs that will drive across the sea floor, grinding ore as they go and sending it to the surface via a tube at a rate of 400 tonnes per hour. It might also be possible to lift large deposits using compressed air.
All of this can be done, Mr. Heydon believes, for about half as much as opening a new land based mine. Nautilus has spent about $12m in the past year on exploration, and Dr Scott says one test drilling found deposits 19 metres deep. Unlike manganese (锰) mines, which are like golf balls scattered across the seabed, these deep-ocean deposits occur in small areas around extinct hydrothermal vents. Such concentrated deposits ought to make underwater mining highly efficient.
Even if the economies stack up. however, Nautilus and Neptune must overcome concerns over environmental damage. Dr Scott argues that underwater mining will be far less disruptive to the environment than terrestrial mining: there will he no piles of waste rock, since the deposits arc directly on the sea floor. And whereas the oil industry lays pipelines underwater, mining would not leave any permanent structures behind. But governments will need to be convinced of the merit of these arguments before mining can begin.
What do we know from the first paragraph？
A．No mineral companies have succeeded in deep-sea mining.
B．Oil and gas have been regarded as the most useful deep-sea wealth.
C．Only oil and gas industry has been interested in deep-sea mining.
D．The deep-sea mineral wealth has recently become the dream of miners.
The 2002 Wyoming coalbed methane drilling case is cited to______.
A．clear Griles of wrongdoing in it
B．keep the drilling project going
C．show Griles's innocence in all related allegations
D．display Griles's inappropriate behavior, if not law-breaking
A. sentence patterns
B. drilling practice
C. application of language
D. stimulus and response
How is crude oil brought to the surface？
A．Expansion of the hydrocarbons.
B．Pressure and pumping.
C．Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.
D．Expansion and contraction of the earth's surface.
How is crude oil brought to the surface？
A．By expansion of the hydrocarbons.
B．By pressure and pumping.
C．By vacuum created in the drilling pipe.
D．By expansion and contraction of the earth's surface.
A．Geologists were able to determine the Earth's appearance hundreds of millions of years ago.
B．Two geological theories became more widely accepted.
C．Information was revealed about the Earth's past climatic changes.
D．Geologists observed forms of marine life never seen before.
Crude oil is brought to the surface by means of____.
A．expansion of the hydrocarbons
B．pressure and pumping
C．vacuum created in the drilling pipe
D．expansion and contraction of the earth's surface
We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry ______.
A．shows little interest tapping oil in ANWR
B．expect to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia
C．tend to exaggerate America' s reliance on foreign oil
D．believes that drilling for ANWR will produce high yields
A．Geologists were able to determine the Earth's appearance hundreds of millions of years ago.
B．Two geological theories became more widely accepted.
C．Information was revealed about the Earth's past climatic changes.
D．Geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen.
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