题目内容
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A．reasons … oblivious to
B．methods … compared to
C．passions … contrasted with
D．weapons… incommensurate with
E．politics … minor to
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We may infer from the third paragraph that ______.
A．large numbers of black soldiers in the United States fight today
B．blacks played an important role in shaping the United States
C．blacks took no part in the independent war in the United States
D．large numbers of blacks in the United States today came from Africa
The pen is more powerful than the sword (剑). There have been many writers who used their pens to fight things that were wrong. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of them. She was born in the USA in 1811. One of her books not only made her famous but has been described as one that excited the world, and was helpful in causing a civil war and freezing the slaves. The civil war was the American Civil War of 1861, in which the Northern States fought the Southern States and finally won. This book was named "Uncle Toms Cabin". There was time when every English-speaking man, woman, and child has read this novel that did so much to stop slavery. Not many people read it today, but it is still very interesting. The book has shown us how a warm-hearted writer can arouse (唤起) peoples sympathies (同情). The writer herself had neither been to the Southern States nor been a slave. The Southern Americans were very angry at the novel, which they said did not at all represent (代表) true state of affairs,but the Northern Americans were wildly excited over it, and were so inspired by it that they were ready to go to war to let the slaves free.
1.How old was Mrs. Stowe when her world famous book was published？ （）
A、About 60 years old
B、Over 50 years old
C、In her forties
D、Around 30 years old
2.Why could Mrs. Stowe's book cause a civil war in America？ （）
A、She wrote so well that Americans loved her very much
B、She disclosed (揭露) the terrible wrongs that had been done to the slaves in the Southern States
C、The Southern Americans hated the book while the Northern Americans like it
D、The book had been read by many Americans
3.What can we learn from the passage？ （）
A、We needn't use weapons (武器) to fight things that are wrong
B、writer is more helpful in a war than a soldier
C、We must understand the importance of literature and art
D、No war can be won without such a book as "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
4.What do you learn about Mrs. Stowe from the passage？ （）
A、She had been living in the north of America before the American Civil War
B、She herself encouraged the northern Americans to go to war and set the slaves free
C、She was better as writing as using a sword
D、She had once been a slave
5.According to the passage（）.
A、every English-speaking person had read "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
B、"Uncle Tom's Cabin" was not very interesting
C、those who don't speak English can not have read "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
D、the book "Uncle Tom's Cabin" did a great deal in the American Civil War
Keep on Fighting
Turning once again to the question of invasion, I would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast when an absolute guarantee against invasion, still less against serious raids, could have been given to our people. In the days of Napoleon the same wind which would have carried his transports across the Channel might have driven away the blockading (封锁) fleet. There was always the chance, and it is that chance which has excited and befooled (愚弄) the imaginations of many continental tyrants. Many are the tales that are told. We are assured that novel methods will be adopted, and when we see the originality of malice (怨恨), the ingenuity of aggression, which our enemy displays, we may certainly prepare ourselves for every kind of novel stratagem (战略) and every kind of brutal and treacherous (奸诈)maneuver (花招). I think that no idea is so outlandish (古怪的) that it should not be considered and viewed with a searching, but at the same time, I hope, with a steady eye.
We must never forget the solid assurances of sea power and those which belong to air power if it can be locally exercised. I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace (威胁) of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. This is the resolve of His Majesty's government - every man of them. This is the will of parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous states have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious (可憎的) apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag (变弱) or fail.
We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost might be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills, we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated (征服) and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the new world, with its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.
Throughout Britain's history, there has been no guarantee that an invasion would not happen.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
【C1】
A．approve
B．appear
C．approach
D．appeal
71. The main idea of this passage is that ______.
A.most of today‘s common English military terms dated from the sixteenth century or later
B.a study of the English vocabulary shows the important part which war has played in the history of England
C.many French words borrowed into English during the Middle Ages have since disappeared from the language
D.many military terms used in English were originally borrowed from French， some as early as the Middle Age
Which of the following is not the French word borrowed into English during the Middle Ages？A.sergeant
B.battle
C.spy
D.fight
All of the following have something to do with the introduction into English of many French military terms except that _______.A.war played an important part in English affairs in the Middle Ages
B.the English army and navy were controlled by those who spoke French in the war between England and France
C.France invaded England in the Middle Ages and many battles were fought in England
D.much of English fighting was done in France in the war between England and France
The art of war has undergone such changes that _______.A.we no longer use any French words of the Middle Ages
B.many words once common are not used any longer and they are replaced by Italian words
C.French military terms have disappeared from the English language
D.many words once common are now only in historical use and their places have been taken by the newly-borrowed words
The writer takes the words “battle” and “fight” as an example to show______.A.French words are needed to express something new
B.a French and a native word for the same thing have been still in common use side by side
C.French word or the other has been lost from the English language
D.“battle” is the borrowed word and “fight” is the native one
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Animals fight; so do savages; hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently--this, after all, is what conquerors and general have done, is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed most has won, not only that it has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right, for. that is what people going to war means; it means saying that might is right.
This is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. When our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or mutilated. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets--while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life--nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.
We learn from the first paragraph that ______.
A．most history books are comprised of acts by conquerors, generals and soldiers
B．hardly anyone who contributed a lot to civilization is mentioned in history books
C．history books attract more attention by listing conquerors or generals or soldiers
D．conquerors, generals and soldiers in history were more courageous than civilized people
That is what the story of mankind has【18】been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history,【19】millions of people were killed or disabled. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets—【20】, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life—nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.
(1)
A．where
B．who
C．what
D．why
War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject people certain administrative, health, education, and other social services; such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs and the broad range of services expected of modem governments. The non economic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modem technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.
Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and became thereby "civilized", but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In pre-modernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor--control over people as slaves or levies for the victor's army--and the productive capacity of agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem .
Welfare was also the most complex, broad-scale and demanding activity of pre-modernized people. The challenges of leading men into battle, organizing, moving and supporting armies, attracted the talents of the most vigorous , enterprising, intelligent and imaginative men in the society. "Warrior" and "Statesman" were usually synonymous, and the military was one of the few professions in which an able, ambitious boy of humble origin could rise to the top. In the broader cultural context, war was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.
The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.
A．theorize about the role of the warrior statesman in pre-modernized society
B．explain the effects of war on both modernized and pre-modernized societies
C．Contrast the value of war in a modernized society with its value in per-modernized society
D．discuss the political and economic circumstances which lead to war in pre-modernized societies
听力原文： (32) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured (施肥)a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.
Animals fight; so do savages (野蛮人); (33) hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. (34) And it not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.
That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or disabled. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets—while, that is to say, (35) we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life—nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.
32. Which kind of people appears most often in the history books？
33.What does it probably mean if people "are good at fighting"？
34.What is the reason for so many wars according to the passage？
35.What kind of civilization do we have in our modern society？
(33)
A．People who invented the TV.
B．People who launched a seaworthy boat.
C．People who calculated the length of the year.
D．Great conquerors, generals and soldiers.
After agreeing on definitions, they set out to collect data. Even though they confined themselves to wars fought in the last 150 years, they encountered difficulties in getting precise information on items such as the number of casualties. Nevertheless, they argue, their results are better than any that preceded them. These basic facts about wars were published in a handbook, The Wages of War 1865—1965, edited by two leaders of the project, J. David Singer and Melvin Small. Even though this is only the beginning of the project, it already provides some answers to questions about wars. You might hear a street corner preacher tell you that the end of the world is at hand, because the number of wars is increasing just as the Bible prophesies. If you want to check the validity of such an assertion, you could turn to The Wages of War and answer the question using the best available data.
The next step in the project is to identify conditions or events that seem to be associated with wars. They are not looking for explanations, but just for correlations, that is, items that usually accompany each other. It is for this reason that they have named their project "The Correlates of War". Starting with their collection of data on wars, they could examine the hypothesis of Woodrow Wilson that autocracies are the cause of wars. If this were true, then autocracies would fight other autocracies and democracies might fight autocracies in defense, but democracies would never fight democracies. After defining "democracy" in a way that could be measured (for example, the frequency with which officeholders change office) they would see if any of the wars they had identified in the last 150 years had been fought between two countries clearly identifiable as democracies. If they could find no such wars, they could say there was a correlation between democracy and peace. It would not yet be a proof that autocracies cause war. There could be other explanations—the world might contain only one or two democracies. But a correlation would be an important first step.
The Correlates of War project is just entering this second stage. It will be some time before a full theory appears. Even when the project does produce a theory of war (if it finds evidence to warrant such a theory), it may not provide the final word on the subject. Any such project must make decisions early in the research, such as what counts as a war and what does not. These decisions can crucially affect the outcome, even though it might not be evident for a long time that they will. Here is an example of this problem. The Correlates of War project counts the wars fought by Prussia under Bismarck as three separate wars because each stopped before the next one started. On the other hand, Hitler's belligerent moves against neighboring countries in 1939 and 1940 (Poland, Denmark, Belgium, France, Norway)
A．put an end to war once and for all
B．develop a new theory about the causes of war
C．correct errors in history books about the causes of war
D．reverse the method customarily used to study wars
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