Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of disease, deformities

, or injuries by operations. The doctor who performs the operation is called a surgeon. Every physician has some training in surgery and is qualified to perform. simple operations. But surgeons are specially trained so that they have the judgment and skill to perform. complicated operations.

2. Modern surgery stresses accurate diagnosis of the disease and proper care of the patient before and after the operation. Thus, the surgeon not only needs to know how to perform. an operation, but also must have a wide knowledge of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology. Five to eight years of training after medical school are necessary for physicians to qualify as surgeons.

3. A surgical operation is complicated. Many people, medicines, equipment, and techniques help assure the greatest possible safety and comfort for the patient. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means of diagnosis are all part of modern surgery. A qualified surgical team is essential to the success of both the operation and the patient' s recovery. This team usually consists of a surgeon, at least one assistant, an anesthesiologist, and one or more nurses.

4. A surgeon uses many instruments in the course of an operation. These instruments include holders for needles and sponges, clamps to close off blood vessels, and retractors to hold back folds of skin. Sharp instruments include scissors and scalpels. Since the 1970' s, lasers have been used to make delicate cuts in body tissues. Doctors use the high- energy light of the laser to cut tissue by burning fine lines in the skin or other organs.

5. A surgeon can remove a long section of diseased intestine and sew the remaining intestinal sections together. The body will function normally after the operation. A kidney, or even a major part of the stomach, can be removed by an operation. In heart surgery, a doctor may replace one of the heart valves with an artificial one. Extensive surgery on the lungs and ribs is often part of the treatment of cancer. Sometimes an en- tire diseased lung is removed. A neurosurgeon can remove brain tumors and repair head injuries. Transplanting organs involves taking a healthy organ from one person and using it to replace the diseased organ in another person. The kidney is a commonly transplant- ed organ. The transplanted tissue must closely match that of the patient, or the patient' s body will reject the new organ.

6. In microsurgery, the surgeon operates while viewing the procedure through a microscope or magnifying glass. This technique enables physicians to perform. operations on some of the tiniest body structures. For example, surgeons can rejoin extremely small blood vessels and nerves by using this technique. Such surgery has led to the successful reattachment of severed fingers, hands, and even arms and legs. Doctors also use micro- surgery to operate on the delicate structures in the eye, the kidney, the brain, and many other parts of the body.

A. Modern techniques enable the surgeon to operate successfully upon all parts of the human body

B. Surgeons are especially trained so that they are skill- fully qualified for the performance of complicated operations

C. An entire stomach can not be removed even in modem surgery

D. The various mechanical instruments used in the course of a surgical operation

E. For a physician requires eight years of training in a medical school

F. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means, of diagnosis are prerequisites to the success of an operation

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