Surgeons will soon be able to enter the eye to carry out ope..

第1题

Robots May Allow Surgery in Space Small robots designed by University of Nebraska research

Robots May Allow Surgery in Space

Small robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perform. surgery on patients in space.

The tiny, wheeled robots, （51）are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case, can be slipped into small incisions(切口)and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations. Some robots are equipped（52）cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be（53）remotely.

“We think this is going to （54）open surgery, ”Dr Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference. Oleynikov is a （55）in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha.

Officials hope that NASA will teach（56）to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space.

On earth, the surgeons could control the robots themselves（57）other locations. For example, the robots could enable surgeons in other places to （58）on injured soldiers on the front line. Researchers plan tp seek federal regulatory（59）early nest year. Tests on animals have been successful, and tests on humans in England will begin very soon.

The camera-carrying robots can provide（60）of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver(操控)inside the body in ways surgeons' hands can't. The views from the camera-carrying robots are （61）than the naked eye, because they（62）back color images that are magnified(放大). Because several robots can be inserted through one incision, they could reduce the amount and （63）of cuts needed for surgery, which would decrease recovery time. This is particularly（64）to those patients who have been debilitated(使虚弱)by long illness.

Eventually, Oleynikov said, the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever（65）their hands in patients' bodies. “That's the goal, ”Oleynikov said. “It's getting easier and easier. We can do even more with these devices. ”

A．since

B．when

C．which

D．as

点击查看答案

第2题

On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder （胆

On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊) removed by surgeons' operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4, 000 miles away from their patient.

In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform. the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week. The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding, decoding and signal transmission time.

France Telecom's engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. "I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room," says Marescaux.

The successful collaboration (合作) among medicine, advanced technology, and telecomm unications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly-skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform. especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.

Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a "third revolution" in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部) and thorax (胸腔) do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法) enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance--currently several meters in the operating room--could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.

The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.

A．How the Second Revolution in Surgery Comes Out

B．The Telesurgery Revolution

C．A Patient Was Saved

D．Dream Comes True

点击查看答案

第3题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Surgeons will soon be able to enter the eye to carry out operations--at least in a virtual sense. Techniques derived from virtual reality--the computer system that immerses operations in an artificial computer-generated world--will allow surgeons to feel as if he could see the inside of the eye during an operation, creating the illusion that they are actually there.

Researchers at the Biorobotics Laboratory of McGill University in Montreal are building a robot, known as Micro Surgery robot - 1 (MSR - I for short), that will perform. delicate operations under the control of a human surgeon. The robot is specifically designed for performing eye surgery but could have other applications, such as the removal of brain tumors. The system could also be used to allow surgeons and their students to practise simulated surgery that feel like the real thing-without the real consequences for the patients.

During the operations, the surgeon manipulates a set of control known as the master. These are connected through a high-performance computer to the robot. Both the master and the robot have two limbs, When the surgeon moves the masters' limbs, the robots limbs move in exactly the same way, except that the movements can be scaled down as much as a thousand times. This will eliminate hand tremor and poor accuracy and thus reduce the damage to the eye that can occur with present microsurgery techniques. Each of the robots limbs has a minimum movement of one micrometer--more than one hundred times the precision of the human hand.

The computer also creates a three-dimensional robot' s eye view of the inside of the eye that the surgeon can see by wearing a virtual reality helmet that has a small lens in front of each eye.

To provide the surgeon with such a realistic experience, MSR-I must be able to move rapidly, but this requires extremely fast computing. To handle the computational demands of instant interaction, the McGill team is constructing its own parallel-processing computer. It is also studying areas such as muscle mechanism, artificial intelligence and optics, and has a already built another micro robot MR-I, capable of manipulating a single living cell.

Although commercial applications of the new system are not expected for several years, its basic mechanical components will be ready for testing in a few months, "The day when micro-robots will be able to perform. surgery without human intervention is many years away," says Hunter, "in the meantime, a system such as MRS-I is a necessary precursor."

The so-called "virtual reality "mentioned in this passage is actually ______ .

A．a surgical tool used for operations

B．a computer system used to produce life-like illusions

C．a new kind of applications in a visual technology

D．a way to carry out operations in a visual sense

点击查看答案

第4题

You are a senior manager in the audit department of Raven & Co. You are reviewing two

situations which have arisen in respect of audit clients, which were recently discussed at the monthly audit managers’ meeting:

Grouse Co is a significant audit client which develops software packages. Its managing director, Max Partridge, has contacted one of your firm’s partners regarding a potential business opportunity. The proposal is that Grouse Co and Raven & Co could jointly develop accounting and tax calculation software, and that revenue from sales of the software would be equally split between the two firms. Max thinks that Raven & Co’s audit clients would be a good customer base for the product.

Plover Co is a private hospital which provides elective medical services, such as laser eye surgery to improve eyesight. The audit of its financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2012 is currently taking place. The audit senior overheard one of the surgeons who performs laser surgery saying to his colleague that he is hoping to finish his medical qualification soon, and that he was glad that Plover Co did not check his references before employing him. While completing the subsequent events audit procedures, the audit senior found a letter from a patient’s solicitor claiming compensation from Plover Co in relation to alleged medical negligence resulting in injury to the patient.

Required:

Identify and discuss the ethical, commercial and other professional issues raised, and recommend any actions that should be taken in respect of:

(a) Grouse Co; and (8 marks)

(b) Plover Co. (7 marks)

点击查看答案

第5题

On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder （胆

On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊) removed by-surgeons operating, via computer form. New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient.

In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform. the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc. that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week. The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.

France Telecom's engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. "l felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room," says Marescaux.

The successful collaboration (合作) among medicine, advanced technology, and telecomm unications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform. especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.

Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a "third revolution" in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部) and thorax (胸腔) do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法) enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance-currently several meters in the operating room-could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.

The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.

A．How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes Out

B．The Telesurgery Revolution

C．A Patient Was Saved

D．Dream Comes True

点击查看答案

第6题

For years, the U. S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labo

r Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then.

So what's the solution？ Robots.

Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and other items, and retrieve records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be implemented in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact.

Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn't have to engage directly—it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot's ' face' would be. If you can't get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a "consistently positive attitude" about the Giraff robot's ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness.

A robot's appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks like a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as ‘Robear', can help patients into and out of wheelchairs and beds with its strong arms.

On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which is so human-like that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions. During a month- long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and "only three or four said they didn't like having it around."

It's important to note that robotic nurses don't decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform. routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the integration of robots will lead to collaboration, not replacement.

51. What does the author say about Japan？

A) It delivers the best medications for the elderly.

B) It takes the lead in providing robotic care.

C) It provides retraining for registered nurses.

D) It sets the trend in future robotics technology.

52. What do we learn about the robot Terapio？

A) It has been put to use in many Japanese hospitals.

B) It provides specific individualized care to patients.

C) It does not have much direct contact with patients.

D) It has not revolutionized medical service in Japan.

53. What are telepresence robots designed to do？

A) Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely.

B) Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity.

C) Closely monitor the patients' movements and conditions around the clock.

D) Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members.

54. What is one special feature of the robot Actroid F？

A) It interacts with patients just like a human companion.

B) It operates quietly without patients realizing its presence.

C) It likes to engage in everyday conversations with patients.

D) It uses body language even more effectively than words.

55. What can we infer from the last paragraph？

A) Doctors and surgeons will soon be laid off.

B) The robotics industry will soon take off.

C) Robots will not make nurses redundant.

D) Collaboration will not replace competition.

点击查看答案

第7题

Dr. Light, who is （) to be one of the best surgeons in London, performed the and suc

Dr. Light, who is () to be one of the best surgeons in London, performed the and successfully removed the tumor in her lungs.

A confessed

B thrilled

C perceived

D reputed

点击查看答案

第8题

A（An) is a surgical health professional who works under the direction of licensed surgeons performing surgical procedures.

A.Surgeon

B.Surgeon’s assistant

C.Theater nurse

D.Anesthesiologist

点击查看答案

第9题

What did Jo have to do in the laundry？A．She washed nurses' aprons and surgeons' caps.B．She

What did Jo have to do in the laundry？

A．She washed nurses' aprons and surgeons' caps.

B．She folded surgeons' caps into knife-edged creases.

C．She pressed surgeons' caps and nurses' aprons.

D．She steamed the clothes of the surgeons and nurses.

点击查看答案

第10题

We are all keeping our _______ crossed that the surgeons do not find anything too serious with the patient（）

A.fingers

B.thumbs

C.hands

D.feet

点击查看答案

Surgeons will soon be able to enter the eye to carry out operations—at least in a virtual