Among various methods of classifying brands, the one based on ownership is widely accepted
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the
same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals
of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called
line "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual
(5) animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects
(but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce
only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone
systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live
in organized groups.
(10) Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.
Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the
signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes
effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than
localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving
(15) upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited,
compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may
convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological
responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The
modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine
(20) glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate
creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and
appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties
in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects, They may act as alarm
(25) substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between
sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in
caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include
the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly
vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete
an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A.How insects use pheromones to communicate
B.How pheromones are produced by insects
C.Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult
D.The different uses of pheromones among various insect species
A、various shaped punches
B、various shaped dies
C、the fluid bed granulator
D、tablet machines with great pressure
?Read the article about supermarket.
?Choose the best sentence to fill each of the gaps.
?For each gap 8—12, mark one letter (A—G) on your Answer Sheet.
?Do not use any letter more than once.
?There is an example at the beginning.
Supermarket
Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, (8) .
The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.
Supermarkets originated in-the early 1930s. They were established by independents (9) . Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.
Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions (10) .
A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items (11) . Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.
Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Sav-on.
For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. For example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (ware house stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). Supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures (12) : Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including video rentals, restaurants, delicatessens, financial institutions, and pharmacies).
A including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries
B attracting more customers with their low prices
C primarily in either of two ways
D to compete with grocery chains
E a type of retailing institution
F by size and assortment
G than a conventional supermarket does
(8)
The theory of learning underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was Faculty Psychology. The Faculty Psychologists believed that the mind of human beings had various faculties which could be trained separately.()
A.People
B.Information
C.Facilities
D.Finances
A、graphic rating scale
B、critical incident method
C、alternation ranking method
D、electronic performance monitoring
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