题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A．run
B．runner
C．runners
D．running race
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【B1】
A．motor
B．vehicle
C．transport
D．carriage
The prototype, fifty-passenger single-deck vehicle, is to go in operation in Manchester shortly, and discussions with the Department of the Environment are expected to lead to a further batch of twenty going into regular passenger service in Manchester within two year and possibly in other cities, including London.
Unlike the small government-sponsored battery bus now undergoing triads in provincial cities, whose tow speed and range effectively limits it to city-center operation, the new Silent Rider ,with a range 40 miles between charges and a speed of 40 m. p. h. ,will take its place with diesel buses for normal urban and sub- urban services.
Its capital cost is higher (about 20,000 pounds compared with 1500 pounds) but lower maintenance and fuel costs bring it down to fully competitive cost with the diesel bus over thirteen year without taking into account the environmental benefits. The Chloride battery group--which is developing it in partnership with $ELN (South-East Lancashire and North-East Cheshire Passenger Transport Authority) is confident of a market potential of 400 vehicles a year by 1980.
The prototype weighs 16 tons, of which the batteries and passengers account for each. It has a single set of batteries, which take three and a half hours to recharge, against the normal eight hours of passenger traffic.
A larger, Mark II version is being designed with two sets of batteries which can be charged in under a minute. That will allow low-cost night charging and greater operational flexibility.
What had been the main factor preventing the development of battery buses？
A．Their limited range.
B．Their high cost.
C．Their heavy weight.
D．Their loud noise.
&8226;Read the article below about knowledge management.
&8226;Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.
&8226;For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.
&8226;Do not use any letter more than once.
Knowledge as a Strategic Resource
While having unique access to valuable resources is one way to create competitive advantage, in some cases either this may not be possible or competitor？, may imitate or develop substitutes for those resources. Companies having superior knowledge, however, are able to coordinate and combine their traditional resources and capabilities in new and distinctive ways, providing more value for their customers than can their competitors. That is, by having superior intellectual resources, an organization can understand how to exploit and develop their traditional resources better than competitors, even if some or all of those traditional resources are not unique. Therefore, knowledge can be considered the most important strategic resource, and the ability to acquire, integrate, store, .share and apply it is the most important capability for building and sustaining competitive advantage. (8)
What is it about knowledge that makes the advantage sustainable？ (9) Unlike many traditional resources, it is not easily purchased in the marketplace in a ready-to-use form. To acquire similar knowledge, competitors have to engage in similar experience. However, acquiring knowledge through experience takes time, and cempetitors are limited in how much they can accelerate their learning merely through greater investment.
(10) Learning opportunities for an organization that already has a. knowledge advantage may be more valuable than for competitors having similar learning opportunities but starting off knowing less. For example, Big6 invested heavily in capturing and sharing knowledge about key engagements across the firm so that it could sustain its areas of advantage by always building on its latest knowledge, rather than "reinventing the wheel" while giving its competitors a chance to catch up.
Sustainability may also come from an organization already knowing something that uniquely complements newly acquired knowledge, which provides an opportunity for knowledge synergy not available to its competitors. (11) Organizations should therefore seek areas of learning and experimentation that can potentially add value to their existing knowledge via synergistic combination.
Sustainability of a knowledge advantage, then, comes from knowing more about some things than competitor combined with the time constraints faced by competitors in acquiring similar knowledge, regardless of how much they invest to catch up. (12) The mere it is used, the more valuable it becomes, creating a self-reinforcing cycle. If an organization can identify areas where its knowledge leads the competition, and if that unique knowledge can be applied profitably in the marketplace, it can represent a powerful and sustainable competitive advantage.
A New knowledge is integrated with existing knowledge to develop unique insights and create even more valuable knowledge.
B The broadest value proposition, then, for engaging in knowledge management is that it can enhance the organization's fundamental ability to compete.
C Unlike traditional physical goods that are consumed as they are used (providing decreasing returns over time), knowledge provides increasing returns as it is used.
D Knowledge-based competitive advantage is also sustainable because the more a firm already knows, the more it can learn.
E Companies having superior knowledge, however, are able to coordinate and c
Go back to the numerical example with no factor substitution that leads to the production possibility frontier in the following Figure.
a. What is the range for the relative price of cloth such that the economy produces both cloth and food？ Which good is produced if the relative price is outside of this range？ b. Write down the unit cost of producing one yard of cloth and one calorie of food as a function of the price of one machine-hour, r, and one work-hour, w. In a competitive market, those costs will be equal to the prices of cloth and food. Solve for the factor prices r and w. c. What happens to those factor prices when the price of cloth rises？ Why？
F: Stockholders can transfer shares of stock to others without causing the termination of the corporation. Major stock exchanges list the latest selling price for thousands of stocks by the minute, and they provide a ready market for buyers and sellers. The withdrawal is easy compared to the other forms of ownership because the sale of an owner's stock does not dissolve the corporation. A proprietor can have a brain-storm over a ham sandwich at lunch. Make a decision. And act on it before the end of the day. But corporations have many departments, committees, and beards that must approve major projects before actions can be taken.
M: Unlike proprietorships and partnerships, a corporation can last indefinitely. While some charters specify the length of life of the company, most assume an indefinite life span. The existence of the corporation is unaffected by the death or withdrawal of its stockholders. The government creates the corporation as an artificial being and feeds its offspring with dozens of rules and regulations. Many of these regulations apply to all organizations, but enforcement is focused on the larger corporations. In order to comply with all the regulations, corporations spend a good deal interpreting laws, maintaining records, and reporting to government agencies.
F: Corporations have a large advantage in obtaining more money for expansion. They can raise money more easily because its stock and bonds are bought and sold in public markets such as stock exchanges. The price of ownership is known, and when the company wants to raise new funds, it can sell new shares or bonds to the public and attract funds from both domestic and foreign investors. The larger a corporation becomes, the more sources of financing are available to it. The corporation is treated as a legal entity and must pay taxes on its taxable income. When after-tax corporate profits are paid out in dividends to the stockholders, the dividends are taxed a second time as part of the individual owner's income. Thus owners pay taxes twice on corporate profits.
M: While all corporations are not large, most large businesses are corporations. Large size offers the advantage of economical production methods; large companies can buy materials, manufacture products, and ship finished goods
in bulk. But even more important is the ability to specialize. This potential, combined with the ability to pay higher salaries and offer attractive fringe benefits, gives the corporation an advantage in hiring and keeping top-rate employees. A corporation is more costly and difficult to create than other forms of~ ownership. Preparing the articles of incorporation, developing a prospectus for potential owners, complying with regulations on stock issues, and registering in other states is costly and time consuming. Filing fees, lawyer expenses, and promotion costs can be expensive.
&8226;You will hear five different business people talking about corporations.
&8226;For each extract there are two tas
Over the next year or two, the result will be higher, and more volatile prices, to be sure, but there are market-driven adjustment mechanisms even in the short term, e.g., more electric power from coal and oil, reduced production of domestic chemicals, and a commensurate substitution of imports. Consumers and companies will feel the economic pinch of higher prices; particularly, if we experience an exceptionally hot summer and a winter, when average temperatures were 20% colder than the year before in the Northeast. Still, the United States faces neither the specter of economic recession—at least not solely due to gas prices—nor of freezing families unable to 'obtain gas to heat their homes.
Given this new price plateau, demand adjustments will also take place and vary across regions of the United States and across industries, with power generation and chemicals perhaps the most affected. Some in those industries may find that their facilities are no longer financially viable at the new price plateau, and there will likely be another round of industrial restructuring not unlike others that have resulted from international differences in resource and labor costs—lest we forget, natural gas is still abundant and very low cost in other countries such as Trinidad, Qatar, and Iran, just as labor is abundant and low cost in China, Indonesia, and parts of Latin America.
From a policy perspective, the United States needs to carefully evaluate a series of trade-offs between environmental concerns and economic growth. The gas price experiences of the last two years are the first real tastes of the economic costs of a gas-based environmental strategy. Evaluating these trade-offs needs to be done with a level head and a clear understanding of those trade-offs.
What is the main topic of the article？
A．American economy is strongly hit by the high prices of gas.
B．American economy is affected by the high price of gas, but it is not a crisis.
C．American economic policy is a failure.
D．The prices of gas will rise in the following years.
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form. a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
【A】 The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
【B】 Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
【C】 Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market？ Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
【D】 All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
【E】 Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined —France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don' t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
【F】 For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasibl
&8226;Look at the statements below and at the five short advertisements for MBA (Master in Business Administration) courses on the opposite page.
&8226;Which advertisement (A, B, C, D or E) does each statement 1-8 refer to？
&8226;For each statement 1-8, mark one letter (A, B, C, D or E) on your Answer Sheet.
&8226;You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
A
MBA at Alpha College
Gain an international business qualification at Alpha College in London.
Total quality course at a truly competitive price.
A brighter portfolio means brighter prospects.
Quality output demands quality input; there are therefore minimum requirements for applicants:
&8226;Education at least to graduate level.
&8226;Minimum five years' experience at managerial level. Four ten-week terms (Monday to Thursday): short, highly intensive learning opportunities for the committed businessperson. No weekend or residential school attendance required. Contact us direct to hear more. Phone, fax and email numbers overleaf.
B
MBA the Harvey Business School way
Looking for the best？ The highest quality does not come cheap. When you consider the calibre of the world-famous professors you will be studying with, you will understand why our course is not the cheapest available. We do, however, offer total flexibility - you can arrange your hours to suit your own pattern of work and personal obligations. N.B. Final examinations in June every year. All our teaching premises are wheelchair accessible. For further details call 0207 66718 now, or email us on harvey@interschool.com.uk
C
Gain the MBA recognised worldwide
Unlike other MBAs, the Carfax College MBA is known all over the world and is praised by employers for its realistic approach. The entire course is based on projects and case studies, and progress is monitored and graded throughout the course. You must be willing to work closely with others, as this is an integral part of the learning process. For a brochure, contact the address overleaf.
D
Part-rinse MBA course in Dulwich
Need to sharpen up your cv？ Employers demand the highest qualifications but are rarely willing to release their best employees for long periods of time. The Dulwich MBA therefore offers a three-year part-time course; only day release is necessary, apart from the four-day residential summer school in July or August each year. As the course is spread over three years, there are greater opportunities for assimilation of the information which you acquire. All key texts were published in the last five years.
E
Flexibility at Elwood
Flexibility is vital in today's business world. We therefore offer a modular course, which means that you can gain any of the following qualifications while followin
3.The Tobacco Colonies Sixteenth-century England was a tumultuous place. Because they could make more money from selling wool than from selling food, many of the nation’s landowners were converting farmers’ fields into pastures for sheep. This led to a food shortage; at the same time, many agricultural workers lost their jobs. The 16th century was also the age of mercantilism, an extremely competitive economic philosophy that pushed European nations to acquire as many colonies as they could. As a result, for the most part, the English colonies in North America were business ventures. They provided an outlet for England’s surplus population and (in some cases) more religious freedom than England did, but their primary purpose was to make money for their sponsors. In 1606, King James I divided the Atlantic seaboard in two, giving the southern half to the London Company (later the Virginia Company) and the northern half to the Plymouth Company. The first English settlement in North America had actually been established some 20 years before, in 1587, when a group of colonists (91 men, 17 women and nine children) led by Sir Walter Raleigh settled on the island of Roanoke. Mysteriously, by 1590 the Roanoke colony had vanished entirely. Historians still do not know what became of its inhabitants. In 1606, just a few months after James I issued its charter, the London Company sent 144 men to Virginia on three ships: the Godspeed, the Discovery and the Susan Constant. They reached the Chesapeake Bay in the spring of 1607 and headed about 60 miles up the James River, where they built a settlement they called Jamestown. The Jamestown colonists had a rough time of it: They were so busy looking for gold and other exportable resources that they could barely feed themselves. It was not until 1616, when Virginia’s settlers learned how to grow tobacco, that it seemed the colony might survive. The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. In 1632, the English crown granted about 12 million acres of land at the top of the Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore. This colony, named Maryland after the queen, was similar to Virginia in many ways. Its landowners produced tobacco on large plantations that depended on the labor of indentured servants and (later) African slaves. But unlike Virginia’s founders, Lord Baltimore was a Catholic, and he hoped that his colony would be a refuge for his persecuted coreligionists. Maryland became known for its policy of religious toleration for all. 5. Which of the following statement is Not True？
A、During the 16th century, people were thinking highly of business.
B、The food shortage of 16-century England was caused by converting to the sheep husbandry.
C、In 1606, King James I gave the southern half to the Plymouth Company.
D、Virginia was the first colony to receive slaves from Africa.
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