______ merely gives the gross weight and net weight of each piece.

'stimulus', 'response' and 'reinforcement' were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher's first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil's action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____

Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher's questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.

Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner's confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

A．words

B．terms

C．phrases

D．jargons

owing his death. But he has since found many able champions and the tide has turned. The prince has been termed a manual for tyrants, the effect of which has been most harmful. But were Machiavelli's doctrines really new？ Did he discover them？ He merely had the frankness and courage to write down what everybody was thinking and what everybody knew. He merely gives us the impressions he had received from a long and intimate intercourse with princes and the affairs of state. It was Lord Bacon who said that Machiavelli tells us what princes do, not what they ought to do. When Machiavelli takes Cassar Borgia as a model, he does not praise him as a hero at all, but merely as a prince who was capable of attaining the end in view. The life of the state was the primary object. It must be maintained. And Machiavelli has laid down the principles, based upon his study and wide experience, by which this may be accomplished. He wrote from the view-point of the politician—not of the moralist. What is good politics may be bad morals, and in fact, by a strange fatality, where morals and politics clash, the latter generally gets the upper hand. And will anyone contend that the principles set forth by Machiavelli in his Prince or his Discourses have entirely per？ished from the earth？ Has diplomacy been entirely stripped of fraud and duplicity？ Let anyone read the famous eighteenth chapter of The Prince:" In what Manner Princes should Keep their Faith," and he will be convinced that what was true nearly four hundred years ago, is quite as true today.

Of the remaining works of Machiavelli the most important is the History of Florence written between 1521 and 1525, and dedicated to Clement VII.This book is merely a rapid review of the MiddleAges, and as part of it the history of Florence. Machiavelli's method has been criticized for adhering at times too closely to the chroniclers of his time, and at others rejecting their testimony without apparent reason, while in its details the authority of his History is often questionable. It is the straightforward, logical narrative, which always holds the interest of the reader, that is the greatest charm of the History.

It can be inferred from the beginning of the text that

A．many people used to think highly of Machiavelli.

B．Machiavelli had been very influential among the rulers.

C．Machiavelli was widely read among his contemporaries.

D．Machiavelli has been a target of criticism throughout history.

chievements, past and present？ Or ode that gives graduates the ability to find employment promptly when they leave school？ Is it a broad education or a specialized one？ Should it provide students with a vast collection of facts, or merely train them to think？ Should a future engineer gain only the knowledge that will enable him to do his job properly, or would a richer background improve his professional ability as well as his personal life？ The debate goes on and on, with good arguments on both sides.

In the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. the question was not even worth asking. A good education was, of course, a broad one based on the humanities. An educated man knew “something about everything”. He was familiar with the great deeds and the great ideas of the past. He had read extensively；he was able to use his own language correctly and often elegantly. He could join in any conversation about plants, planets, painters, or politics. He was at ease in the world, and he knew that his education would open to him any career that he might want to try. Even if he was mostly interested in literature, he had some knowledge of the sciences and the techniques of his time。

Text 4

No man has been more harshly judged than Machiavelli, especially in the two centuries follow-ing his death. But he has since found many able champions and the tide has turned. The prince has been termed a manual for tyrants, the effect of which has been most harmful. But were Machiavelli's doctrines really new？ Did he discover them？ He merely had the frankness and cour- age to write down what everybody was thinking and what everybody knew. He merely gives us the impressions he had received from a long and intimate intercourse with princes and the affairs of state. It was Lord Bacon who said that Machiavelli tells us what princes do, not what they ought to do. When Machiavelli takes Caesar Borgia as a model, he does not praise him as a hero at all, but merely as a prince who was capable of attaining the end in view. The life of the state was the prima- ry object. It must be maintained. And Machiavelli has laid down the principles, based upon his stud-y and wide experience, by which this may be accomplished. He wrote from the view-point of the politician-not of the moralist. What is good politics may be bad morals, and in fact, by a strange fatality, where morals and politics clash, the latter generally gets the upper hand. And will anyone contend that the principles set forth by Machiavelli in his Prince or his Discourses have entirely per- ished from the earth？ Has diplomacy been entirely stripped of fraud and duplicity？ Let anyone read the famous eighteenth chapter of The Prince:"ln what Manner Princes should Keep their Faith,"and he will be convinced that what was true nearly four hundred years ago, is quite as true today.

Of the remaining works of Machiavelli the most important is the History of Florence written be-

tween 1521 and 1525, and dedicated to Clement VII. This book is merely a rapid review of the Middle

Ages, and as part of it the history of Florence. Machiavelli's method has been criticized for adhering

at times too closely to the chroniclers of his time, and at others rejecting their testimony without ap-

parent reason, while in its details the authority of his History is often questionable.lt is the straightfor-

ward, logical narrative, which always holds the interest of the reader, that is the greatest charm of

the History.

56. It can be inferred from the beginning of the text that

[ A] many people used to think highly of Machiavelli.

[ B] Machiavelli had been very influential among the rulers.

[ C] Machiavelli was widely read among his contemporaries.

[ D] Machiavelli has been a target of criticism throughout history.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1933, and particularly during the period 1929—1933, bank failures were not uncommon.【51】 a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be【52】, depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky and begin to make large withdrawals.【53】 the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency, the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals, and most depositors【54】 their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by【55】some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933, the number of bank failures【56】 a peak, forcing the federal government to intervene and【57】 the banks temporarily. To help restore the public's confidence【58】 banks and strengthen the banking community, Congress passed legislation setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.【59】 corporation, an agency of the federal government, now insures over 90 percent of all mutual savings and commercial bank deposits for【60】 $100,000 per deposit. The FDIC has【61】 its insurance found by charging member institutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits.

As a result of the protection provided by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision, bank failures have been【62】 to a few isolated instances. When deposits are federally insured, people【63】 rush to withdraw their money if they【64】 the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance, and this action helps to reduce the【65】 of bankruptcy.

(51)

A．Although

B．Even if

C．If

D．Because

e world people are spending their lives either on doing jobs where the mind must be kept numb(麻木的)all day, or else on highly rewarded activities which are tedious. One can get accustomed to operating an adding-machine for five and a half days a week, or to writing advertisements to persuade the public that one brand of cigarettes is better than another. Yet no one would do either of these things for its own sake. Only the money makes them tolerable. But if you really understand an important and interesting subject, like the structure of the human body or the history of the two World Wars, it is a genuine happiness to explain them to others, to welcome every new book on them, and to learn as you teach. With this another reward of teaching is very closely linked. That is the happiness of making something. When the pupils come to you, their minds are only half-formed, full of black spaces and vague notions and over simplifications. You do not merely insert a lot of facts, if you teach them properly. It is not like injecting 500 C. C. of serum(血浆), or giving a years dose of vitamins. You take the living mind, and mould it. It resists sometimes. It may lie passive and apparently refuse to accept anything you print on it. Sometimes it takes the mould too easily, and then seems to melt again and become featureless. But often it comes into firmer shape as you work, and gives you the incomparable happiness of helping to create a human being. To teach a boy the difference between truth and lie in print, to start him thinking about the meaning of poetry or patriotism, to hear him hammering back at you with the facts and arguments you have helped him to find, sharpened by himself and fitted to his own powers, gives the sort of satisfaction that an artist has when he makes a picture out of black canvas and chemical colorings, or a doctor when he hears a sick pulse pick up and carry the energies of new life under his hands.

What makes people tolerant of tedious jobs is______.

A．the job itself

B．the money

C．the significance of the job

D．the fact that it can keep the mind numb

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1933, and particularly during the period 1929-33, bank failures were not un- common.______1 a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be______2 , depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky and be- gin to make large withdrawals.______3 the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency, the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals, and most depositors______4 their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by______5 some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933, the number of bank failures______6 a peak, forcing the federal government to intervene and ______7 the banks temporarily. To help restore the public's confidence______8 banks and strengthen the banking community, Congress passed legislation setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.______9 corporation, an agency of the federal government, now insures over 90 percent of all mutual savings and commercial bank deposits for______10 $100,000 per deposit. The FDIC has______11 its insurance fund by charging member institutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits. As a result of the protection provided by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision, bank failures have been______12. to a few isolated instances. When de- posits are federally insured, people______13 rush to withdraw their money if they______14 the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance, and this action helps to reduce the______15 of bankruptcy.

第 51 题 请选择（1）处的最佳答案．

A．Although

B．Even if

C．If

D．Because

材料：

In a bill of lading there might be a clause known as general liberty to carry on deck clause which reads“Carrier has liberty to carry GOODs on deck”．This clause frequently gives the carrier the option of stowing the cargo either on or under deck，while also exempting the carrier from all liability for loss of or damage to cargo stowed on deck．

A clause of this type is an option，not a statement．The problem arises when the bill of lading contains this clause，but the face of the bill of lading does not state that the cargo was loaded on deck．Under such circumstances，it would appear that deck carriage is unjustifiable for at least two reasons：a）The general liberty to carry on deck clause is merely an option to carry on deck，a choice which the carrier ordinarily does not make．If the bill of lading does not bear a statement on its face giving notice that the cargo is actually stowed on deck，then by default the option has been exercised in favour of under deck carriage．b）The typewritten or handwritten wording on the face of a bill of lading has precedence over the bill&39;s printed clauses．And a clean bill of lading，because it implies under-deck stowage，is functionally equivalent to a typewritten or handwritten notation on the face of the document calling for carriage below deck．A clean bill of lading therefore overrides the printed liberty to carry on deck clause．

A general deck carriage clause without a statement on the face of the bill of lading that cargo is carried on deck is merely an option not exercised and the deck carriage is therefore a fundamental breach of the contract and the Rules．

问题：

A clause which reads“Carrier has liberty to carry GOODs on deck”contained in B/L is ________．

A.a statement

B.a problem

C.an option

D.a typewritten or handwritten wording on its face

If there is no deck stowage statement on the face of B/L，it is implied that ________．A.all cargoes are stowed under deck

B.all cargoes are stowed on deck

C.cargoes are stowed either on or under deck

D.it can not be decided whether cargoes are stowed on or under deck

If a handwritten wording on the face of B/L is in conflict with one of its printed clause，________．A.the handwritten wording shall prevail

B.the printed clause shall prevail

C.both the handwritten wording and the printed clause shall be ignored

D.the B/L shall become null and void

The deck carriage is justifiable only when ________．A.there is a general liberty to carry on deck clause in the B/L and a statement on its face that the cargo is actually stowed on deck

B.there is either a general liberty to carry on deck clause in the B/L or a statement on its face that the cargo is actually stowed on deck

C.there is neither general liberty to carry on deck clause in the B/L nor a statement on its face that the cargo is actually stowed on deck

D.only when the carrier is exempted from all liability for loss of or damage to cargo stowed on deck

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the body to give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas. The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those of the shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animals grow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes health or growth more certain and regular. Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself — though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher’s help. One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond more “talk”, for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher and student. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation. Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response. The student’s response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity. 25. Why did St. Augustine call teaching the greatest act of charity？

A、Its reward lies in the growth of others.

B、It is the highest form of cooperative art.

C、It is a labor of love.

D、Its results are intangible.

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Before 1933， and particularly during the period 1929——1933， bank failures were not uncommon._________（51） a bank overextended itself in creating credit or if several of its important loans could not be _________（52）， depositors in the bank would frequently become panicky and begin to make large withdrawals. _________（53） the bank had only a small number of its deposits backed by currency， the bank would soon be unable to meet withdrawals， and most depositors _________（54） their money. Most frequently a bank merely needed time to improve its cash position by _________（55）some of its loans and not making additional ones. In 1933， the number of bank failures _________（56）a peak， forcing the federal government to intervene and_________（57） the banks temporarily. To help restore the public"s confidence_________ （58） banks and strengthen the banking community， Congress passed legislation setting up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. _________（59） corporation， an agency of the federal government，now insures over 90 percent of all mutual savings and commercial bank deposits for _________ （60）$ 100，000 per deposit. The FDIC has _________（61）its insurance fund by charging member in-stitutions one-twelfth of 1 percent of their total deposits.

As a result of the protection provided by the FDIC and through other kinds of supervision，bank failures have been _________（62） to a few isolated instances. When deposits are federally insured， people_________（63） rush to withdraw their money if they_________（64） the financial condition of their bank. The delay gives the banks the necessary time to adjust their cash credit balance， and this action helps to reduce the _________（65） of bankruptcy.

51 查看材料

A.Although

B.Even if

C.If

D.Because