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A、A, Of Studies
B、B, Of Self-help
C、C, Of Nature
D、D, Of Self Reliance
A. nature
B. self-reliance
C. self
D. life
Whether one is intelligent, or stupid; attractive, or ugly; these and many other ideas of the self are (8)_____ from the reactions of people with whom we (9)_____. This process of (10)_____ the nature of the self from the reaction of others has been labeled the "Looking-glass Self" by Cooley, who carefully analyzed this psychological (11)_____ of self-discovery.
Just as the picture in the mirror gives an image of the physical self, (12)_____ the perception of the reactions of others gives an image of the social self. We know, (13)_____, that we are good at certain things and not at others. This (14)_____ came to us from the reactions of other persons, first our parents and then other individuals (15)_____ in life. It should be remembered that, as other people's reactions could be (16)_____ and understood in more than one way, the looking-glass self with which the individual (17)_____ may easily differ from the image others have actually formed of his (18)_____. Clearly, it is our perception of the responses of others and not their (19)_____ responses that (20)_____ our self-image, and these perceptions are often not accurate.
A．consent
B．label
C．frame
D．concept
future selves, and recognize past selves; against it we match our present self,
Its primary function is to validate and re-create the self in all its individuality
and distinctness. In doing so, it cements a sense of relationship between the
self and the otherness of the book, and allows us a notion of ourselves as
sociable. Its shared knowledge is vicarious experience; by this means we
enlarge our understandings of what it means to be human, of the corporate 【M2】______
and independent nature of human society. The act of reading the book marks 【M3】______
both our difference in and our place in the human fabric. The more we read,【M4】______
the more we are. In the act of reading silently we are alone from the book,【M5】______
separate from one's own immediate surroundings. Yet in the act of reading 【M6】______
we enter other minds and other places, enlarge our dialogue with the world.【M7】______
Thus paradoxically, while disengaging from the immediate we are increasing
its scope. In silence, reading activates a deeply creative function of consciousness.
We are deeply committed to the narrative which we coexist while 【M8】______
engaged in reading. All kinds of present physical discomfort ness may be 【M9】______
unnoticed while we are reading, and actual time is replaced by narrative time.
To imaginatively enter a fictional world by reading it is then both a liberation【M10】______
from self and an expansion of self.
【M1】
A、with their self
B、oneself
C、by themselves
D、themselves
This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of times, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking". While, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam" where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you".
Also common to all the five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies. First, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself. Second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual's freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity.
A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection--their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology--and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers' faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.
The author's discussion of Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman is primarily concerned with explaining ______.
A．some of their beliefs about the difficulties involved in self-realization
B．some of their beliefs concerning the world and the place that humanity occupies in the universal order
C．some of their beliefs concerning the relationship between humanism and democracy
D．the way some of their beliefs are shaped by differences in temperament and literary outlook
Which ONE of the following concepts is related to the understanding of literary realism？
A．spontaneous outflow of feelings
B．faith in individualism, independence of mind and self - reliance
C．representation of characters, human nature and social actualities in a non - idealized way
D．survival of the fittest
Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage？
A．Most of the research made on ageism is empirical and incomplete.
B．The inconstant nature of the age classification makes it different from other "isms".
C．This discrepancy referred to in the last paragraph is only concerned with methods.
D．The self concept may vary with the change in the ageist attitudes.
This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking"; while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam", where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you".
Also common to all five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies., first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual's freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity.
A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection—their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology—and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos, of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers' faith in the imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them to conceive of the writer as a seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.
Notes: Transcendentalist先验论的。self-transcending;超越自我的。ethic伦理标准，道德规范。be torn between,在....之间左右为难。fraternity博爱。introspection 反省。seer预言家,先知。metaphysical形而上学的
Which of the following best reflects the humanistic perspective of the five writers？
A．The spiritual and the material worlds are incompatible.
B．Humanity can scarcely account for humans and the world.
C．Self-knowledge stems partly from the perception of the universe.
D．The structure of the universe can be discovered through self-knowledge.
Man and Nature
The balance of nature is a delicate system of checks and counter - checks. Nature has its own way of checking the life and distribution of the different organisms and helping their growth. An epidemic may be considered nature' s way of checking population growth. Man in his attempt to conquer nature and to utilise it to his advantage has interfered with the balance of nature, thereby creating problems of a complex nature. Nature' s ways of maintaining the balance are intricate and not easily understood and man' s application of his scientific knowledge and techniques has upset this balance so much that today, being aware of the disastrous consequences, he takes measures against them.
No animal or plant can live in isolation ,for different organisms are parts of a vast dynamic complex of living things. As no man or community is self - sufficient, no organism can live by itself. When man interferes with the interdependence and interrelationships of the different organisms, he is, in effect, upsetting their balanced relationships and his action can have a chain reaction. If we prevent fish eggs from being deposited in a pond, we are allowing an unchecked growth of weeds. The waterfowl which feeds on tadpoles will look for alternatives, thereby tending to upset these blanced relationships. It is important that for the preservation of beauty in nature the balance of nature is maintained.
Man for his own survival has to make his peace with plant and animal life, the size and distribution of which he has interfered with. It is to be noted that in every plant and animal community there is a trend towards a balance between the different species. When each successive species is of the right number to maintain a constant population, a balance between the different species is maintained and this state is referred to as the climax stage. Man is forever upsetting the balance of the climax stage. He has added to the numbers of animals and plants that are useful to him. In the process he has unwittingly helped the increase in the number of insects and vermin and as a result he has to wage a relentless war against them. If man continues to interfere with the balance of nature, it is possible that some animals and birds may soon become extinct. The indiscriminate hunting of whales has reduced the number of some species almost to the verge of extinction and international laws have been drawn up to protect them.
The balance of nature is to be maintained in order to prevent soil deterioration. Human intervention has altered the established relationship between the plants of an area and the soil of that area. Animals introduced by man, sheep and goats for example, have led to widespread soil deterioration. By cutting down trees or by practising unsuitable systems of agriculture, man destroys the crumb structure of soil, thereby making it susceptible to erosion. Soil erosion results in looss of soil fertility and maintaining soil fertility is considered the biggest problem facing mankind apart from the prevention of war. The increase in world population and the growth of civilisation have been the two major factors that have led man to cut down forests on an unprecedented scale and the erosion caused by the cutting down of huge areas of forests has resulted in floods on a scale hitherto unknown. Soil erosion can whittle away soil fertility and if adequate and effective measures are not taken it can become a menacing spectre tearing at the prosperity of many countries.
Pollution, in its different forms, interferes with the balance of nature. Water pollution affects nature's balance in oceans, lakes and rivers. Man - made pollution of water is due to municipal sewage, dumping by factories and the depositing of pesticides. Solid wastes can permeate the soil and pollute lakes and rivers.
Man has to adopt t
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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