题目内容
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One advantage of buying an existing business over starting a new one is that ______.
A．it reduces the competition
B．it has records readily available
C．it is cheaper
D．it already has many customers
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The term profit in economics has a very precise meaning. Economists, however, often loosely refer to "good deals" or profitable ventures with no risk as profit opportunities. Using the term loosely, a profit opportunity exists at the toll booths if one line is shorter than the others. The general view of economics is that profit opportunities are rare. At any one time there are many people searching for such opportunities, and as a consequence few exist. At toll booths it is seldom the case that one line is substantially shorter than the others.
Another example of a possible profit opportunity is the following. At major banks in big cities, you can buy foreign currencies. The prices of these currencies are determined in world money markets. Let's concentrate on the US dollar, the German mark, and the French franc. With dollars we can buy marks; with these marks we can buy francs; and with these francs we can buy back dollars. Can we make money on this transaction？ In other words, can the prices be such that we end up with more dollars at the end than we started with？ If this is possible, we say that there are profit opportunities in the market. There are in fact almost never any profit opportunities of this kind in foreign currency markets. There are always individuals looking for such opportunities, and if any opportunity does arise it is quickly eliminated.
If, for example, the mark-franc price is too low with respect to the other prices, there is an immediate rush to buy marks and sell francs, not by ordinary citizens at bank windows, but by a few large currency traders in Tokyo, London, or Zurich who watch prices every minute. Such a rush drives up the mark-franc price to the no-profit-opportunity point. Markets like this, where any profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously, are said to be efficient markets.
The common language way of expressing the efficient markets hypothesis is "there's no such thing as a free lunch". How should one react when a stockbroker calls up with a hot tip on the stock market？ With skepticism. There are thousands of individuals each day looking for hot tips in the market, and if a particular tip about a stock is valid there will be an immediate rush to buy the stock, which will quickly drive its price up. By the time the tip gets to your broker and then to you, the profit opportunity that arose from the tip is likely to have been eliminated. Similar arguments can be made for bond markets and commodity markets. There are many "experts" in these markets, who take quick advantage of any news that affects prices.
This economist's view that there are very limited profit opportunities around can , of course, be carried too far. There is a story about two people walking alone, one an economist and one not. The non-economist sees a twenty-dollar bill on the sidewalk and says, "There's a twenty-dollar bill on the sidewalk." The economist replies, "That is not possible. If there were, somebody would already have picked it up."
There are clearly times when profit opportunities exist. Someone has to be first to get the news, and some people have quicker insights than others. Nevertheless, news does get disseminated quickly, and there
A．You need to ignore a hot tip offered.
B．You need to pay for a hot tip offered.
C．You need to justify a hot tip offered.
D．You need to take quick advantage of a hot tip offered.
A) attends
B) highlights
C) buy
D) invest
E) telecommunications
F) superhighway
G) assess
H) access
I) advantage
J) privacy
K) transformation
L) transmits
M) charge
N) disposal
O) potential
Mr. Li runs a small trade company in Sichuan Province. He used to be worried about the sales of his goods, but now he simply logs on to the Internet and(1)the information about his company to almost anywhere. He now has so many resources at his(2)than before. He has even started to(3)in foreign countries and make money almost anywhere.
The(4)revolution has certainly changed the way we look at the world. And, most importantly, it allows people to get equal(5)to the information. People in less developed areas of the world are taking(6)of the benefits as well. One person says, "I used to have a small farm, but now I am doing international business." This is just one of the many benefits of the information(7). There are, however, some(8)challenges we will have to face. For example, there is a great deal of concern over(9)in the Information Age. Mr. Li(10)this point. Hopefully, we can solve this problem in the near future.
Online shoppers count on free shipping
Expect more promotions this holiday season than ever before
This month, Kristen Roswell is planning to buy most of her Christmas presents online at her computer. She says one thing that really impresses her is: free shipping/Tree shipping is a huge bonus, "said the 35-year-old mother. "l will always choose a retailer that has free shipping when buying something."
According to a study released by Shop.org, an association of online retailers, this holiday season 83 percent of online retailers surveyed plan to provide free shipping promotions. Two years ago, only 64 percent of online retailers offered free shipping.
Three-fourths of shoppers surveyed said free shipping offers are one of the most important factors when they decide where to buy online. Consumers are expected to spend as much as $32 billion online this holiday season, up 18 percent from 2005.
"Online retailers see free shipping as a necessary evil during the holidays/'said Ellen Davis, spokeswoman for Shop.org. "They know it motivates customers." Retailers also justify free shipping by imposing conditions for the deals, requiring customers to meet certain minimums to get the offer. Consequently people tend to spend more and make unplanned purchases to qualify for free shipping. Most free shipping offers end in mid-December, so people who want to take advantage of the discounts need to shop early, she said.
What is one of Kristen Roswell's reasons to buy items online？
A．Free gifts.
B．Discount offers.
C．Convenience.
D．Free shipping.
Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value--that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish. Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter system. No one engaged in only one stage in the manufacture of product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on end would involve obvious disadvantages--imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.
Using money as a medium of exchange means that _________.
A．you have to sell something in order to buy something
B．you have to buy something in order to sell something
C．you don't have to buy something in order to sell something
D．the seller and the purchaser are the same person
Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value, that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties'desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or not keen on fish.
Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a person could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on would involve obvious disadvantages-imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.
Using money as a medium of exchange means that______.
A．you have to sell something in order to buy something
B．you have to buy something in order to sell something
C．you don't have to buy something in order to sell something
D．the seller and the purchaser are the same person
SECTION A MINI-LECTURE
Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.
听力原文： Good morning, everyone. First about your second assignment. I'd like to remind you that your second assignment should be in by next Fri day. You can either put it in my pigeon hole, or leave it with the Department's secretary. Now, let's get down to the lecture.
Today, the lecture is on credit, er, or to be more specific, on credit cards. I'm sure you must have heard of some credit cards, like the VI SA card, which is an internationally used card, or the Great Wall card issued by the Bank of China, In order to give a better understanding, we'll discuss it in some detail.
Many businesses, such as department stores, restaurants, hotels and airline companies, use a credit system for selling their products and services. In a credit system, the seller agrees to sell something to the buyer without immediately receiving cash. He receives the goods or ser vices immediately and promises to pay for them later. This buy-now-pay later credit system is quite old.
There are two types of credit cards. One type is issued directly by a store to a customer. Many large department stores issue credit cards to their customers. The store credit card can be used to make purchases only at a particular store. For example, if you have a credit card from Store A, then you can only buy things in that store. Other stores would not accept it. The other kind of credit card is issued by a credit company. Credit cards from credit companies can be used to buy things almost anywhere. If you have a major credit card, you can buy airplane tickets, stay at hotels and eat at restaurant with it. Most large credit companies are connected to large banks. So if you want a credit card from a credit company, you generally have to make an application at a bank. After an applicant receives a credit card, he or she can make purchases using the
card.
The credit company sends the customer a statement of purchases at the end of each month. Generally the customer has to pay 25--50% of their credit hill every month. The customer pays directly to the credit company and the credit company pays to the store or hotel or restaurant.
There are some advantages and some disadvantages to using credit cards. The biggest advantage for the consumer is expressed by the phrase "buy now, pay later". This means that the consumer can purchase what he wants when he wants it. There is no need to save up money in advance. Another advantage of having a credit card is that it protects the owner, ff a credit card is lost or stolen, the owner only has to call the credit company and the credit company will stop the credit card number. No one else can use it. So the owner doesn't have to worry about losing the card. Another advantage of the credit card system is that the consumer receives a record of his or her purchases. Every month the credit customer receives a bill. The bill has a list of all purchases from that month. This makes it easier to remember when and where purchases are made. And another advantage is that credit cards can be used when something unexpected happens. Many kinds of professional people—plumbers, taxidrivers, doctors and dentists—will accept credit cards in an emergency. This is very important if you don't have any cash with you.
However, having said all that, using credit cards has one major disadvantage. That is, consumers tend to overspend their money. They spend more than they make. If a consumer buys a lot of th
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： In a recent study, shoppers were asked to taste a chocolate-chip cookie. (26) When given a cookie from a full jar, they said it tasted all right; but when they were offered one from a nearly empty jar, they said it tasted better. This shows an interesting aspect of human nature. The scarcer something is, the more highly people tend to value it.
D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover brought the author the most fame not when it was first published in 1928, (27) but when it was banned -- and when many thousands of black-market copies of the book were sold before it was finally made legal in the 1960s.
According to social psychologists like Robert Cialdini, our instinctive interest in acquiring things that are rare reflects our evolutionary history. In the past, when food or raw materials were scarce, real value increased, because possession gave the owner an advantage for survival.
(28) Salespeople love pressing the "scarce, therefore valuable" button, with warnings like "Buy now while stocks last!" and "Quick! Limited-Time Offer!" Clever advertisers know that it's much more effective to focus on the fear of loss than on the benefit of gain. Experts at the University of California found that homeowners are 300 percent more likely to buy an energy-saving plan if the message is "Stop losing 50 cents a day" instead of "Start saving 50 cents a day". Do you want to make a proposal to your management for a ＄100,000 savings plan？ You're more likely to. get it through if you present your message in terms of a ＄100,000 loss, should your plan not be accepted.
(27)
A．It tasted as good as the one from a full jar.
B．It tasted no better than the one from a full jar.
C．It tasted better than the one from a full jar.
D．It tasted worse than the one from a full jar.
He ________ this week's low prices to buy furniture.
A took charge of
B took advantage of
C took hold of
D took notice of
Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value—that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming (费时的) task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish.
Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on end would involve obvious disadvantages—imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.
Using money as a medium of exchange means that ______.
A．you have to sell something in order to buy something
B．you have to buy something in order to sell something
C．you don't have to buy something in order to sell something
D．the seller and the purchaser are the same person
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
As a medium of exchange, money permits the separation of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa. Hence producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding the cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.
Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value—that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish.
Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on end would involve obvious disadvantages—imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.
Using money as a medium of exchange means that______
A．you have to sell something in order to buy something
B．you have to buy something in order to sell something
C．you don't have to buy something in order to sell something
D．the seller and the purchaser are the same person
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