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The recent, apparently successful prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El

Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers. Jacob Blerkness pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations between appearance of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, al least if the current model that links the behavior. of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.

It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as the Philippines and Indonesia.

When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into numerous coastal Kelvin waves carrying the same negative sea-level signal. These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at a speed of about 250 kilometers per day. When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from the western Pacific, their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode. This produces a gradual shift in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as cold cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves beginning another warming cycle.

One characteristic of the El Nino is

A．cold coastal water near Peru.

B．winds blowing from the west.

C．random occurrence.

D．worldwide effects.

提问人：网友weijiao 发布时间：2022-01-07
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更多“The recent, apparently success…”相关的问题
第1题
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第2题
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第3题
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第4题
Genetic engineering, the process of splicing （连接) together DNA from different organisms

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health of human beings. 【S6】______

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【S1】

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第5题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The "cold fusion" phenomenon may be attributed to experimental errors

mistakenly indicating an excess production of energy. Those theories explaining

cold fusion require revisions in existing theories, and scientific skepticism

Line requires that unless the experimental evidence justifies belief in these miracles,

(5) one must conclude that experimental errors are being misinterpreted as positive

proof of cold fusion's possibility. One would expect half of all careful energy-

balance measurements in cold fusion experiments to indicate excess energy, and

about half to show an energy deficit, because experimental error spreads the

results around the expected outcome. The recent preponderance of results

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searching for excess energy, then one may be able to "optimize" a complicated

system to yield large amounts of apparent excess energy by fooling the

measurement apparatus somehow. Whether a given excess-heat result

represents a physical "miracle" or an experimental error is very difficult to

(15) determine if the amount of excess heat is small or if the fraction of excess power

to total input power is simply too low.

According to the passage, the major reason that the evidence for the cold fusion phenomenon is suspect is

A．no existing theory can explain the evidence produced by cold fusion experiments

B．the excess production of energy associated with certain cold fusion experiments owe primarily to experimental error

C．too many energy-balance measurements have indicated excess energy, instead of evenly distributed experimental error

D．the total input power in cold fusion experiments has been too low to draw solid conclusions about the fraction of excess power

E．scientists too often regard these experiments as proof of "miracles"

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第6题
The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abunda
nce. Stores and shops are choked with food. Yet, instead of joy, there is widespread uneasiness and confusion: why do food prices keep on rising？ when there seems to be so much more food about？ Is the abundance only temporary？ Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home？ No one knows what to expect.

The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence(连续) of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain' s overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.

But the effect of all this on the food situation in his country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the. gradual curling down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.

Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.

The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before.: Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well.

Why is there" widespread uneasiness and confusion" about the food situation in Britain？

A．The abundant food supply is not expected to last .

B．Britain is importing less food.

C．Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.

D．Britain will cut back on its production of food.

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第7题
The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abunda
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The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a

third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.

But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are. over stocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.

Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.

The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion program is not working very well.

The main reason for the rise in food prices is that ______.

A．people are buying less food

B．the government is providing less support for agriculture

C．domestic food production has decreased

D．imported food is driving prices higher

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第8题
Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by som

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Charlie Bell became chief executive of McDonald's in April. Within a month doctors told him that he had colorectal cancer. After stock market hours on November 22nd, the fast-food firm said he had resigned; it would need a third boss in under a year. Yet when the market opened, its share price barely dipped then edged higher. After all, McDonald's had, again, shown how to act swiftly and decisively in appointing a new boss.

Mr. Bell himself got the top job when Jim Cantaloupe died of a heart attack hours before he was due to address a convention of McDonald's franchisees. Mr. Cantaloupe was a McDonald's veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food. He devised a recovery plan, backed by massive marketing, and promoted Mr. Bell to chief operating officer. When Mr. Cantaloupe died, a rapidly convened board confirmed Mr. Bell, a 44-year-old Australian already widely seen as his heir apparent, in the top job. The convention got its promised chief executive's address, from the firm's first non-American leader.

Yet within weeks executives had to think about what to do if Mr. Bell became too ill to continue. Perhaps Mr. Bell had the same thing on his mind: he usually introduced Jim Skinner, the 60-year- old vice-chairman, to visitors as the "steady hand at the wheel". Now Mr. Skinner, an expert on the firm's overseas operations, becomes chief executive, and Mike Roberts, head of its American operations, joins the board as chief operating officer.

Is Mr. Roberts now the new heir apparent？ Maybe. McDonald's has brought in supposedly healthier choices such as salads and toasted sandwiches worldwide and, instead of relying for most of its growth on opening new restaurants, has turned to upgrading its 31,000 existing ones. America has done best at this; under Mr. Roberts, like-for-like sales there were up by 7.5% in October on a year earlier.

The new team's task is to keep the revitalization plan on course, especially overseas, where some American brands are said to face political hostility from consumers. This is a big challenge. Is an in house succession the best way to tackle it？ Mr. Skinner and Mr. Roberts are both company veterans, having joined in the 1970s. Some recent academic studies find that the planned succession of a new boss groomed from within, such as Mr. Bell and now (arguably) Mr. Roberts, produces better results than looking hastily, or outside, for one. McDonald's smooth handling of its serial misfortunes at the top certainly seems to prove the point. Even so, everyone at McDonald's must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency.

The main reason for the constant change at the top of McDonald is ______.

A．the board's interference

B．the falling sales

C．the health problems of the chief executives

D．the constant change of its share price

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第9题
根据短文，回答6~10题Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentab

根据短文，回答6~10题The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance．Stores and shoDs are choked with food． Rationing is virtually suspended，and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries．Yet，instead of joy，there is widespreaduneasiness and confusion．Why do food prices keep on rising，when there seems to be 80 much more food about？Is the abundance only temporary，or has it come to stay？Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home？No one knows what to expect． The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great， partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a thirdI Mrost of Britain’s overseas suppliers of meat，too，are offering more this year and home production has also raised． But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by simultaneous rise in food Drices，due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food．The shops are over- stocked with food not only because there is more food available but also because people，frightened by high prices，are buying 1ess of it．Moreover，the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall with the resuit that imported food，with the exception of grain，is often cheaper than the home- Droduced variety． And now grain prices,to0，are falling．Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend．The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers． The older generations have seen it all happen before．Despite the present price and market guarantees,farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market．Present production is running at 5 1 percent above pre-war levels，and the government has called for an expansion to 60 percent by 1956；but repeated ministerial advice is carrying little weightand the expansion program is not working very well． The main purpose of the first paragraph is__________． [A]to show the reason of food shortage[B]to explain the conflict between the surplus of food supply and rising prices [C]to show the deteriorating living conditions of farmers[D]to analyze the market demand for food supply

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第10题
Until recently, women in advertisements were one of three things—an apron, a glamorous dre
ss or a frown. Although that is now changing, many women still feel angry enough to deface offending advertisements with stickers protesting, "This ad degrades women." Why does this sort of advertising exist？ How can advertisers and ad agencies produce, sometimes, after months of research, advertising that offends the consumer？

The Advertising Standards Authority (the body which deals with complaints about print media) is carrying out a research into how women feel about the way they are portrayed in advertisements. Its conclusions are likely to be what the advertising industry already knows: although women are often irritated by the way they are seen in ads, few feel strongly enough to complain.

Women are not the only victims of poor and boring stereotypes—in many TV commercials men are seen either as useless, childish oafs who are unable to perform. the simplest household tasks, or as inconsiderate boors, permanently on the lookout for an escape to the pub. But it is women who seem to bear the brunt of the industry's apparent inability to put people into an authentic present-day context

Yet according to Emma Bennett, executive creative director of a London advertising agency, women are not infuriated by stereotypes and sexist advertising. It tends to wash over them, they are not militant or angry—they just find it annoying or tiresome. They reluctantly accept outdated stereotypes, but have a sigh of relief when an advertisement really gets it right.

She says that it is not advertising's use of the housewife role that bothers women, but the way in which it is handled. "Researchers have often asked the wrong questions. The most important thing is the advertisement's tone of voice. Women hate being patronized, flattered or given desperately down-to-earth commonsense advice."

In the end, the responsibility for good advertising must be shared between the advertiser, the advertising agency and the consumer. Advertising does not set trends but it reflects them. It is up to the consumer to tell advertisers where they fail, and until people on the receiving end take the business seriously and make their feelings known, the process of change will remain laboriously slow.

Despite recent changes in attitudes, some advertisements still fail to

A．change women's opinions of themselves.

B．show any understanding of women's feelings.

C．persuade the public to buy certain products.

D．meet the needs of the advertising industry.

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