The coins minted in Lydia were originally in circulation among the imperial army.A.YB.NC.N
The coins minted in Lydia were originally in circulation among the imperial army.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
The coins minted in Lydia were originally in circulation among the imperial army.
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
A.Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following A. D. 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.
B.No coins minted after A. D. 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.
C.Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D. 365.
D.Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between A. D. 300 and 400 were found in Kourion.
E.Stone inscriptions in a form. of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after A. D. 365 were found in Kourion.
One should not assume, however, that only machine made coins are prized for their workmanship. The silver dekadrachm from Syracuse, struck about 413 B. C. , is considered one of the finest Greek coins and is worth more than a thousand dollars today. An artistic masterpiece of a much later period is the silver taler minted in Ratisbon, southern Germany, in 1754.
The value of a coin is not primarily determined by its age, as many people seem to think. Many Greek and Roman coins that were issued in abundance can be purchased for a moderate price. On the other hand, a German coin made of shrapnel during the First World War is very rare and valuable. Among the especially rare United States coins are the 1804 silver dollar, the 1822 five-dollar gold piece, and the 1894 silver dime.
The reason some old Roman coins are NOT costly is that they are ______.
A.available in quantity
B.inferior in workmanship
C.irregular in shape and size
D.made out of inexpensive metal
The Major Currencies in the World The currencies of the world's major economies have names and backgrounds that are as diverse as the countries themselves.
The dollar is the name for the currency used in many countries including the United States , Canada, and Australia. It gets its name from a silver coin minted during the Middle Ages in a small valley, or "Thal" , in Bohemia called Joachimathal. Just a sausage Frankfurt called "Joachimsthaler" or simply " Thaler" , and came to be called " dollar" in English.
The pound, used in Britain, Egypt, and Lebanon among others, refers to the weight used in determining the value of coins, based on precious metals such as gold or sterling. The penny has the same origin as the word pawn,found in terms such as pawn shop , and originally meant "to pledge". A penny , like any currency , is a " pledge " of value.
In Italy and Turkey , the currency is called lira. The word is based on the Latin lira, meaning "pound" and once again referring to the weight of the original coins.
In Spanish , the word meaning " weight" , peso is used to describe the coins that were based on a certain weight of gold or silver. Originally,there were gold coins called peso de oro and silver ones called peso de plata. In Spain , the currency is called peseta, meaning "small peso". The word peso is used to describe the currency in many Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America.
In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the word for crown-krone in Denmark and Norway,krona in Sweden-is used to describe the currency that was originally minted by the king and queen,with royal crowns stamped on the earlier coins. Today,the crown has been replaced by other symbols , but the name remams.
The franc,used in France, Switzerland, and other countries and territories,is based on the early coins used in France, that bore the Latin inscription franconium rex , meaning "king of the Franks". The com, as well as the country, took its name from one of the original tribes that settled in the area, the Franks.
The German mark and Finnish markka derive their name from the small marks that were cut into coins to indicate their precious metal content. The German mark, deutsche mark in German ,is often called by its shortened name , D-mark.
The ancient Chinese word yuan meant "round", or "round thing". The name of the Japanese currency, the yen, and the name of the Chinese currency, the yuan , both derived from the old Chinese word,refer to the round shape of the original coins.
Problem may arise when using the plural forms of these currencies. Most take the English plural "s", for example , pounds , dollars , francs , Deutschmarks , etc. However , some are invariable: yuan, yen, baht, and rand. Others keep the plural form of the language spoken in the country of origin: lira-lire , krone-kroner, krona-kronor , markka-markkaa , etc.
Currencies are said to be convertible or invertible. Semi-convertible currencies can only be bought or sold through a country's central bank for documented commercial transactions. The exchange rates are fixed. Semi-convertible currencies are typical of third world countries.
A hard currency is one which is strong and unlikely to fall in value. A soft currency is one from a country with a week balance of payments and for which there is little demand.
Questions for reading :
In fact, the development of currency has shaped human civilization. Currency has' stopped wars, and it has started many more. Cities and nations as we know them would not exist without it. It is difficult to overstate the importance of currency in modem life.
Currency as Substitute
Currency, or money, can be defined as a unit of purchasing power. It is a medium of exchange, a substitute for goods or services. It doesn't have to be the coins or bills with which you're probably most familiar. In fact, through the ages, everything from large stone wheels, knives, slabs of salt, and even human beings have been used as money. Anything that people agree represents value is currency.
For example, if you have one barrel of wheat, and you want a cow, without currency you have to find someone who not only has a cow, but also wants a barrel of wheat and will agree to the trade.
Now, if you live in a place where round, stamped coins are widely considered to have a certain value and can be exchanged for other things, then you just have to find someone who needs wheat. That person will take the wheat in exchange for an agreed-upon amount of coins which you can later use to buy a cow from someone else.
Currency as Wealth
Besides serving as a substitute in trades, money's other important use is as a store of wealth. In a straight barter system, the commodities being traded are generally perishable. You can gather tons and tons of wheat by making shrewd trade deals, but if you try to save the wheat, it will eventually go bad. Money allows people to accumulate wealth.
This had an enormous impact on civilization, because it meant that power wouldn't always be passed through families. People who had been excluded from any possibility of holding political power could amass wealth through trade or by providing a service. That wealth could then be used to purchase political or even military power. So money made civilization more democratic by taking some power out of the hands of noble families that had monopolized it for hundreds of years.
Forms of Currency: Commodity
The forms and functions of currency have changed over the last 3,000 years or so, generally falling into four categories:
Commodity currency
Coins
Paper money
Electronic currency
Commodity Currency
The development of commodity-based currency systems represents more of a blurring between barter systems and later currency systems than a revolutionary change. In a commodity system, the money used is not only a "place-holder" for purchasing power, but it is something that has an inherent value by itself.
A good example of a commodity system is the one used by the Aztecs. They placed great value on cacao beans, which could be used to make chocolate. The beans were small and easy to carry, so they were often used to balance out or make change in barter agreements.
Forms of Currency: Coins
The first coins were minted in Lydia, an ancient empire in the area of modem Turkey. The Lydian king Croesus started making small metal ingots stamped with an imperial emblem around 640 B. C.
This Lydian custom spread to the Greeks and eventually to the Romans. Coins were usually made of silver or gold, and their value was enforced by the authority of the government that issued them. If the Athenian officials declared that all coins minted in Athens,
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
A、paper money and coins
B、paper money, coins, and checks.
C、paper money and checks
D、paper money, coins, checks, and savings deposits.
Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?
A.China was the first country to use coins in the history of human being.
B.The coins were used in China more widely than European countries.
C.All the Chinese coins, though different in shape, had the pierced hole.
D.Bronze was the only ideal material used to make coins in the early time.
He (had got) (lesser) (coins) than (the other boys).
A.had got
B.lesser
C.coins
D.the other boys
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