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According to the passage, trees are described as all of the following except ______.
A．green
B．long-lived
C．massive
D．tall
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A、opening bank
B、seller
C、buyer
D、transport party
【简答题】Passage 4 and 5 Read the two passages below and, try to answer the following three questions Passage 4 The largest known creature ever to have flown, an extinct reptile with an estimated wingspan of 51ft, has been discovered by fossil hunters in west Texas. The creature, which lived more than 60 million years ago, had twice the wingspan of the biggest previously known pterodactyl, or winged reptile, and nearly six times the wing-span of the condor, the largest bird now alive. The estimated size of the creature is derived from calculations based on the size of many fragmentary, and some complete bones found in excavations during the past three years at Big Bend national park in Brewster County, Texas. Announcement of the discovery, in the present issue of Science, is expected to rekindle an old debate among palaeontologists over whether flying reptiles flapped their featherless, leathery wings or merely climbed on to high perches and leapt into the air currents to soar like gliders. One scientist familiar with the discovery said that the mammoth size of the newly found creature made improbable the theory that it was able to rise into the air under wing-power alone. He noted, however, that the lack of a reliable estimate of the reptile's weight virtually precluded any calculation of its aerodynamic properties. The fossils were found by Mr. Douglas Lawson, a graduate student at the University of California, who began searching in the Big Bend area while a student at Texas University. His continuing explorations and study of the fossils are being carried out under the auspices of the university's vertebrate palaeontology laboratory. Although the reptile clearly represents a new species, it has not yet been given a formal scientific name. There are many known species of flying reptiles. Scientists generally refer to all as pterosaurs, but the popular name pterodactyl is also considered correct. All are extinct. 'What's so extraordinary about this thing is its tremendous size', Dr. Wann Langston, director of the vertebrate palaeontology laboratory, said. 'There has never been anything like this before.' In his report Mr. Lawson says he has discovered the partial skeletons of three of the large pterosaurs, including the remains of four wings, a neck, the hind legs (forelimbs with claws are frequently part of the wing structure), and jaws, which were toothless. Unlike most previously known pterosaurs, the Big Bend creature was found in non-marine sediments, suggesting that its habitat was away from oceans. Most pterosaurs are considered to have been fish eaters, scooping up their prey while gliding over the waves. The Big Bend fossils were found in fresh-water sediments far from the oceans of that time. In his report Mr. Lawson writes that the reptile's unusually long neck suggests it may have been a carrion-eater, feeding on dead dinosaurs, much as the condors and other vultures of today consume dead animals. Passage 5 Monster could not flap wings The extinct reptile with an estimated wingspan of 51ft, found by fossil hunters in western Texas, would have been a warm-blooded creature, with a furry coat like that of a mammal, according to Mr. Adrian Desmond, of Harvard University museum of comparative zoology. M. Desmond, who is in England writing a book about dinosaurs and pterosaurs, said yesterday that the creature was much larger than any pterosaur - the popular name of which is pterodactyl - found before. The one found in 1970 in Soviet Kazakhstan was furry. 'It is wrong to think that the pterodactyl had featherless, leathery wings, because they were warm-blooded creatures, and the one found in Russia had furry wings, and fur on its fingers', he said. 'In that, they were like mammals, although they are called reptiles.' The size of the creature found in the Big Bend national park in Brewster County, Texas, was derived from calculations based on the size of many fragmentary, and some complete bones, excavated over the past three years. Mr. Desmond said that it would not have flapped its wings, because they would be too heavy for the creature to cope with if flapped. It would simply have raised them and floated into the air when it wished to fly. The find is much larger than anything discovered before. The largest one found before the Texas excavation had a wingspan of 23ft, and the latest find is extraordinary because it was never thought that there could be anything bigger. It is very fascinating indeed.' 1) In a paragraph of not more than 100 words, sum up the discovery described in the two passages, saying what is known and what is still not known about the creature.
A、hesitant
B、indifferent
C、frustrated
D、patient
A、Oatley and his colleague were involved in the new study.
B、Mar and his team also tested people after reading fiction.
C、Kidd and his team had people read prestigious fiction.
D、Kidd and his team were uncertain about their study results.
A、More focus on character description.
B、Presence of an authoritative narrator.
C、Demand on readers’ ability to infer.
D、Presence of readers’ empathetic feelings.
(1) Reading award-winning literature may boost your ability to read other people, a new study suggests. Researchers at the New School for Social Research, in New York City, found that when they had volunteers read works of acclaimed “literary fiction”, it seemed to temporarily improve their ability to interpret other people’s emotions. The same was not true of nonfiction or “popular” fiction, the mystery, romance and science-fiction books that often dominate bestseller lists. (2) Experts said the findings, reported online in Science, suggest that literature might help people to be more perceptive and engaged in their lives. (3) “Reading literary fiction isn’t just for passing the time. It’s not just an escape,” said Keith Oatley, a professor emeritus of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto. “It also enables us to better understand others, and then take that into our daily live.” (4) Oatley was not involved in the new research, but worked on some of the first studies to suggest that reading literature can boost people’s empathy for others. His team has found that those who read a lot of fiction tend to show greater empathy for others. His teams has found that those who read a lot of fiction tend to show greater empathy on standard tests, but the same is not true of avid nonfiction fans. (5) But, the study by Oatley and his team cannot prove that literature boosts empathy – empathetic folks may just be drawn to reading fiction, whereas the new study does offer some “cause-and-effect” evidence, Oatley said. For the study, researchers set up a series of five experiments in which participants read either literary fiction, popular fiction, nonfiction or nothing at all before taking some standard tests. One of the tests is known as “Reading the Mind in the Eyes”. People have to look at photos of actors’ eyes, and then guess what emotion is being expressed in each. The test is considered a measure of empathy. Overall, study participants fared better on the test after reading literary fiction, versus the other three conditions. (6) It was a small improvement, according to the principal researcher David Comer Kidd, “It’s not alike taking people from a (grade) ‘C’ to an ‘A’,” he said. But Kidd added, the effect was seen after only about 10 minutes’ reading, and it was a statistically strong finding, meaning it’s unlikely to have been due to chance. (7) “Literary” fiction has no hard-and-fast definition. So Kidd and his colleagues chose contemporary works that have won or been finalists for outstanding literary awards. They included “The Round House”, by Louise Erdrich, “Salvage the Bones”, by Jesmyn Ward and the short story “Corrie” by Alice Munro. And “popular” fiction included best-sellers like “Gone Girl” by Gillian Flynn, and Danielle Stelle’s “The Sins of the Mother”. (8) What’s so special about literary fiction? “For one, it’s usually more focused on characters than on plot,” Kidd noted. But beyond that, he said there is usually no single “authoritative narrator” who takes us through the story. “It demands that the reader almost become a writer and fill in the gaps. You really have to think about the characters,” Kidd said. (9) Oatley agreed. “Alice Munro doesn’t tell you what to think,” he said. “You, yourself, have to make inferences about characters. And that’s often what we’re doing in our real-life conversations.” Or at least that’s what people could do. (10) Reading literary fiction could also offer a way to “practice” your social skills and use them more in real life, according to another researcher not involved in the study. “It’s like how pilots train in a flight simulator,” said Raymond Mar, an associate professor of psychology at York University, in Toronto, who has collaborated with Oatley. “This is a great study,” Mar said of the new study. But he added that the overall research in this area is “still in its infancy” and one key question is whether literary fiction really is better than other fiction. (11) Mar and his colleagues recently found that fans of romance novels tended to do best on tests of empathy. Unlike the current study, Mar’s study did not test people after having them read different types of fiction. So it’s possible that there is something else about romance-novel reader that makes them more understanding of others. (12) Still, according to Mar, it’s too early to tell people to trade in their Danielle Steel for Alice Munro, at least if the goal is boosting empathy. (13) It’s also possible that plays, movies or even TV shows could build your empathy muscles, according to Kidd. But reading may be special, he said, because it provides no visuals and you have to engage your imagination more. (14) Everyone agreed that the findings suggest literature is important beyond entertainment or improving vocabulary. “There’s a common belief that reading literature is frivolous, or not practical,” Mar said. “But there is a growing body of evidence that it’s important in skills that we need in our lives.” According to the new study, what kind of books are likely to help people better understand others’ feelings?
A、Science fiction.
B、Romance novels
C、Literary fiction
D、Nonfiction.
A、They would enjoy a much larger readership.
B、They would turn to popular novel writing.
C、They would continue non-fiction writing.
D、They would try controversial forms of art.
A、Awards ceremonies are held for local people.
B、Awards ceremonies are held on important occasions.
C、Awards ceremonies are held in certain professions.
D、Awards ceremonies are held for all sorts of reasons.
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