The oldest and simplest method, then of describing differences in personality was to classify people according to types, and such a system is called a Typology. A famous example of this method was set forth in Greece about the year 400 BC.A physician named Hippocrates theorized that there were four fluids, or humors, in the body. Corresponding to each humor, he believed, there existed a definite type of personality.
The four humors were blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. A person in whom all four humors were in perfect balance had a harmonious personality. If a person had too much blood, he was called sanguine(血红色), or cheerful and optimistic. Someone with too much yellow bile was choleric, or irritable and easily angered. Too much black bile made a person melancholy, or depressed and pessimistic. An oversupply of phlegm caused a human being to be phlegmatic, or slow and unfeeling. Scientists have long since discarded Hippocrates’ fluid theory. But the names of the humors, corresponding to these temperaments, have survived and are still useful, to some extent, in describing personality.
Other features of people, such as their faces and physics, have also been used to classify personality. Today, however, personality theories and classifications may also include factors such as heredity(遗传特征), the environment, intelligence , and emotional needs. Psychology, biology, and sociology are involved in these theories. Because of the complexity of human personality, present day theories are often very different from one another. Psychologists vary in their ideas about what is most important in determining personality.
36.According to Hippocrates’ fluid theory, a man with too much phlegm will be ____.
A.optimistic B.easily angered C.unexcitable D.pessimistic
37.The main idea of this passage is about ____.
A.the complicated factors in determining one’s personality
B.Hippocrates’ fluid theory and its development
C.the past and today of personality classifications and theories
D.different personalities and their details
38.At present, psychologists ____.
A.have common opinion about personality theories and classifications
B.use biology, archaeology and sociology to study personality theories
C.have abandoned Hippocrates’ fluid theory entirely
D.all agree that human beings are characterized with complex personalities
39.The third paragraph mainly talks about ____.
A.Hippocrates’ fluid theory
B.scientists’ points of view on Hippocrutes’ fluid theory
C.Hippocrates’ fluid theory and its fate
D.defects in Hippocrates’ fluid theory
40.According to this passage the factors which are still NOT used to clas sify personality are ____.
A.one’s born features and needs of love and success
B.one’s height and weight
C.one’s hobbies and ideals
D.the environment and intelligence
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