题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
[单选题]
__________ the railroads were built, early settlers had organized an elaborate system of trails and canals.
A.After
B.During
C.When
D.Before
提问人：网友boyalfa
发布时间：2022-01-07
如搜索结果不匹配，请 
Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable (受人尊敬的) colleges—Harvard, Yale, Columbia—and transform. them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars. Drilling and learning by rote (死记硬背) were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.
The word "this" (Sentence 8, Para. 2) refers to which of the following?
A．Creating and passing on knowledge.
B．Drilling and learning by rote.
C．Disciplining students.
D．Developing moral principles.
(9.) ____________ Overall, the number of UK commuters who travelled to work by bicycle rose considerably over the 10-year period. Inner London had by far the highest number of cycling commuters in both years. In 2001, well over 43 thousand residents of inner London commuted by bicycle, (10.) ____________, an increase of 144%. By contrast, although outer London had the second highest number of cycling commuters in each year, the percentage change, at only 45%, (11.) ___________. Brighton and Hove saw the second biggest increase (109%) in the number of residents cycling to work, but Bristol was the UK’s second city in terms of total numbers of cycling commuters, with 8,108 in 2001 and 15,768 in 2011. (12.) ___________. (13.) ___________. A. and this figure rose to more than 106 thousand in 2011 B. Other 8 cities, though not so high as the previous two cities, still demonstrate much changes, with the percentage ranging from 48%-94%. C. The table compares the numbers of people who cycled to work in twelve areas of the UK in the years 2001 and 2011. D. Here is the description of the chart on the paper. E. was the lowest of the twelve areas shown in the table F. This change of preference for bicycle as a means of transportation shows people’s awareness of environmental protection, which should be encouraged by the society. 现在请填写第9题答案。（填一个大写字母即可）
