题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A、Product life-cycle theory
B、Perfect markets theory
C、Internalization theory
D、Random walk theory
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A．It creates a neurological signal only when it comes into contact with its primary tastant.
B．Its function is not to identify tastes, but to identify similarities and differences between them.
C．Its primary importance is in distinguishing between the various qualities of a mixed stimulus.
D．It provides roughly equivalent signals when in contact with a major stimulus and a minor one.
E．It plays a fairly minor role in the across-pattern theory, compared to the labeled-line theory.
46. Einstein's (relativity) theory is the (only one) (what) can explain such (phenomena).
A. relativity
B. only one
C. what
D. phenomena
All things are made up of atoms. When(52)of an atom travels at almost the speed of light(53)we put more energy into it to increase the speed, it begins to in crease in mass. The energy that makes it travel fast cannot make it travel(54)the speed of light—nothing(55)light can travel that fast- so the energy goes into the thing(56)and increases its mass. Energy(57)into mass.
Why is the theory called the theory of relativity？ A thing that is relative depends upon(58)else to identify it or to define it. In relativity theory we identify or define mass, time, and length(59)to the speed of light.
When something is at rest, it looks(60)in length. However, when it travels at almost the speed of light, it becomes(61). Time also changes. However, the change in time is(62)to the change in length. The length of a thing becomes short(63)time becomes long.
If you want to(64)young, relative to a friend, take a trip in a spaceship that travels at(65)the speed of light. And, although time and heartbeat seem ordinary to you in the spaceship, when you return, look at your friend; Relative to you, he or she is old.
A．prefers
B．relates
C．belongs
D．adheres
According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz
vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from
magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike
bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is
(5) contrary to the widely held view that the systems were
deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that
formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.
he recently developed theory has considerable practical
importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during
(10)the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface
and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial
gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods.
Although these same methods still lead to an occasional
discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone
(15) undetected because they are buried and have no surface
expression.
The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the
subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of
buried minerals. Methods widely used today include
(20) analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological
overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the
magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the
rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that
are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often
(25) envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-
technology methods are of any value if the sites to which
they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize
the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay
particular attention to selecting the ground formations most
(30) likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to
varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into
account theoretical studies of relevant factors.
These models are constructed primarily from empirical
observations of known mineral deposits and from theories
35) of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to
identify those geological features that are critical to the
formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then
tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of
the critical features as possible.
The author is primarily concerned with______
A．advocating a return to an older methodology
B．explaining the importance of a recent theory
C．enumerating differences between two widely used methods
D．describing events leading to a discovery
E．challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based
Darwin proposed the theory of sexual selection to explain the origin of ostentatious
plumage in certain bird species, maintaining that the ornate features of males are a
consequence of female mate selection based on an
Line abstract aesthetic sense, not unlike the process of animal breeders producing
(5) fancy-male varieties of pigeons by conscious artificial selection. Wallace
suggested an alternative explanation: through greater physical energy the most
highly adorned males are able to win the competition with rival males.
Meanwhile Huxley pointed out that male adornment is instrumental in
establishing dominance relationships among males: adornment reduces the
(10) physical activity necessary to intimidate rivals.
However, Jacobs later examined the process of female choice, concluding
that what appeared to be choice of an adorned male by a female was really a
mutual attraction to a certain reproductive site. Mate selection requires an
awareness of features characteristic of a suitable breeding site, which might be
(15) mirrored in the ornamentation of the male, and thus mate selection is related
directly to adaptive niche specialization. From this insight, Austin proceeded to
develop a food-courtship theory of mate selection: the population most efficient
in use of the energy available in a particular niche will be the fittest to survive
there. Through natural selection, organisms will tend to become specialized to
(20) form. isolated populations, each adapted to utilize the energy most efficiently
that is available in a particular niche and this process of segregation and
specialization of populations is facilitated by employing in the mating process
samples of the food available in the preferred niche. In particular cases, the
male may display the food to the female or feed it to her in the courtship
(25) ceremony, maybe bearing permanent representations of specific foods on his
plumage, and the female may be attracted to the male for these representations
of the territorial foods.
Austin's theory may be applied to the case for mate choice among
peafowls, whose males' "eyespotted" tail feathers bear a striking resemblance
(30) to blue berries. According to the food-courtship theory, it is because their
plumage bears representations of food that peacocks attract peahens, which may
explain why males with the most "eyespots" on their tail have the greatest
mating success. Not inconsistent with a possible role of the "eyespots" in
reproductive competition among males and in aesthetic selection, this
(35) explanation seems more plausible than the suggestion that by selecting mates
according to the perfection of their tail-feather "eyespots", peahens are able to
identify mates with the greatest "fitness". This process, bringing together
males and females of similar tastes and physiologies, may lead to speciation.
Some of the male display features may come to be involved in species
(40) identification, and it has also been noted that male adornment could have a dual
function, repelling rival males as well as attracting females.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A．contrasting the role of domination and courtship in determining the evolution of bird plumage
B．illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to categorizing various evolutionary innovations
C．documenting the origins of a currently accepted scientific theory about food and courtship
D．proposing a new explanation for the evolutionary reasons behind the ornamentation of male bird plumage
E．showing that physical adaptation plays an integral role in contributing to species identification of birds
Darwin proposed the theory of sexual selection to explain the origin of
ostentatious plumage in certain bird species, maintaining that the ornate
features of males are a consequence of female mate selection based on an
abstract aesthetic sense, not unlike the process of animal breeders producing
(5) fancy-male varieties of pigeons by conscious artificial selection. Wallace
suggested an alternative explanation: through greater physical energy the most
highly adorned males are able to win the competition with rival males.
Meanwhile Huxley pointed out that male adornment is instrumental in
establishing dominance relationships among males: adornment reduces the
(10) physical activity necessary to intimidate rivals.
However, Jacobs later examined the process of female choice, concluding
that what appeared to be choice of an adorned male by a female was really a
mutual attraction to a certain reproductive site. Mate selection requires an
awareness of features characteristic of a suitable breeding site, which might be
(15) mirrored in the ornamentation of the male, and thus mate selection is related
directly to adaptive niche specialization. From this insight, Austin proceeded to
develop a food-courtship theory of mate selection: the population most efficient
in use of the energy available in a particular niche will be the fittest to survive
there. Through natural selection, organisms will tend to become specialized to
(20) form. isolated populations, each adapted to utilize the energy most efficiently
that is available in a particular niche and this process of segregation and
specialization of populations is facilitated by employing in the mating process
samples of the food available in the preferred niche. In particular cases, the
male may display the food to the female or feed it to her in the courtship
(25) ceremony, maybe bearing permanent representations of specific foods on his
plumage, and the female may be attracted to the male for these representations
of the territorial foods.
Austin's theory may be applied to the case for mate choice among
peafowls, whose males' "eyespotted" tail feathers bear a striking resemblance
(30) to blue berries. According to the food-courtship theory, it is because their
plumage bears representations of food that peacocks attract peahens, which may
explain why males with the most "eyespots" on their tail have the greatest
mating success. Not inconsistent with a possible role of the "eyespots" in
reproductive competition among males and in aesthetic selection, this
(35) explanation seems more plausible than the suggestion that by selecting mates
according to the perfection of their tail-feather "eyespots", peahens are able to
identify mates with the greatest "fitness". This process, bringing together
males and females of similar tastes and physiologies, may lead to speciation.
Some of the male display features may come to be involved in species
(40) identification, and it has also been noted that male adornment could have a dual
function, repelling rival males as well as attracting females.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A．contrasting the role of domination and courtship in determining the evolution of bird plumage
B．illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to categorizing various evolutionary innovations
C．documenting the origins of a currently accepted scientific theory about food and courtship
D．proposing a new explanation for the evolutionary reasons behind the ornamentation of male bird plumage
E．showing that physical adaptation plays an integral role in contributing to species identification of birds
Theories have lots of different properties and can differ one from another in a variety of different ways. A few have been mentioned already, namely the degree of generality and hypothetical status of a theoretical claim. An account of the proper- ties of a theory is an answer to the inquiry, "So tell me what this theory is like. "There are plenty of things to say, that is, plenty of features to mention. There is the feature of how it was discovered, by whom, at what time of day. Some theories have the feature of being proposed by Einstein; some lack his feature. Some have the feature of being liked by Einstein; some don't. There are also features of the content of a theory or of its form. Bein6 logically consistent is a feature of form. Making reference to action at a distance, or to evil spirits, or to gluons are distinct features of content. There are even pragmatic features. Some theories are likely to be money-makers; others are not.
Clearly, some of these features of theories are irrelevant to an analysis of scientific knowledge and irrelevant to doing science. We want to focus on the important features, those that meet the following two criteria. First, they must be relevant to the likelihood of the theory being true. That is, they must be reliable indicators of truth so that our seeing whether the feature is present or not will be part of our warrant for believing the theory. Some theories have the property that you learned them on a Tuesday, but that is unimportant because it is neutral to their being true or false. Some theories have the property of describing goblin maintenance men to keep the world in good working order. That ‘s an important feature because it helps us decide whether the theory is true or false.
The second criterion of importance is that the property is something we can in fact evaluate. The information must be accessible to us if it is to be of any use. To get back to apples for a moment, even if it's true that apples with darker seeds taste better, this isn't any help there in the store where information about the seeds isn't available. Similarly, a theory about the demise of dinosaurs is true if it is an accurate picture of the past events, but the feature of being an accurate picture is not something we can evaluate. We can't see what this theories a picture of, and so we can't assess its accuracy. Much as we would like to use accuracy-of-picture or correspondence-to-facts as features that indicate truth, information a- bout these features is unavailable. Features that are important to the justification of theories must be both truth-conducive
Which of the following can serve as one of the reasons to support the idea that theories are like apples？
A．Both of them are either good or bad.
B．Both of them have all sorts of features.
C．Both of them have features that indicate their truth or goodness.
D．Responsible theory choice is dissimilar to responsible shopping.
Headaches Explained
A headache is a symptom, not a disease. A headache is rarely the symptom of a serious illness, but severe or frequent headaches can be exhausting and can affect daily life. There are three basic types of headaches: vascular headache, muscle contraction headache, and inflammatory headache.
Vascular headaches
The vascular headache occurs when blood vessels in the head enlarge and press on nerves, causing pain. The most common vascular headache is the migraine(偏头痛). One theory about migraine headaches is that they occur when the blood vessels in the head expand and press on the nerves, causing pain. Another theory is that they result from the blood vessels constricting and thus blocking blood flow to parts of the brain; this may cause the visual suffering that often accompany or precede a migraine headache. The blood vessels then become full of blood and press on surrounding nerves, causing pain.
Women are more easy to suffer migraines than are men, and a certain personality type compulsive, perfectionist, and very success oriented seems to be more likely to be affected with migraine headaches.
Causes
A number of physical and emotional factors may contribute to migraine headaches. Migraines may be triggered by a sharp reduction in caffeine intake or by allergies to certain foods. Emotional stress can also cause migraine headaches, as can drinking alcohol, smoking, or an interruption in routine eating and sleeping habits (all of which may be responsible for "weekend" headaches suffered by some patients). Cyclical, seasonal, or emotional factors may also be associated with the tendency to develop migraine headaches. A tendency to develop this type of headache may be inherited.
Symptoms
The predominant symptom of a migraine headache is a sharp pain on one or both sides of the head. Paleness, sweating, and sensitivity to light may accompany the pain. A warning sensation may indicate an approaching migraine headache. Before the pain begins, some individuals may see flashing lights or "shooting stars", hear noises, or have an uncomfortable feeling in the arms or legs.
Diagnosis
Vascular headaches are diagnosed by a careful review of the circumstances surrounding the headaches as well as by a physical examination to rule out any other disorder that might be causing the symptoms. Elimination tests may be done to identify the exact cause of migraines suffered by people who seem to react to certain foods or changes in eating and sleeping habits. In an elimination test, all the substances that are suspected of causing the trouble are eliminated and then reintroduced one at a time to identify the specific cause of the migraine headaches.
Treatment
Treatment of a migraine already in progress usually consists of a drug therapy program chosen from a variety of painkillers, tranquilizers, and special prescribed medications.
Prevention
Prevention of migraines is possible with several types of medication. Antidepressant drugs and beta-blockers have been shown to prevent migraines in some patients. These drugs work in the body to block what are called the beta effects, one of which is expansion of the blood vessels. While it is not yet known exactly how these drugs provide relief research suggests that they act by preventing the initial constriction of blood vessels that causes migraine.
Muscle Contraction Headaches
A muscle contraction headache occurs when muscles of the face, neck, or scalp remain tightened for long periods of time. These muscles are then said to be in spasm(痉挛). A tension headache is an example of a muscle contraction headache.
Causes
A muscle contraction headache usually occurs after a specific event that has caused the muscles to tense. The tension is then translated into physical discomfort in the form. of a clenched jaw, aching neck,
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
After agreeing on definitions, they set out to collect data. Even though they confined themselves to wars fought in the last 150 years, they encountered difficulties in getting precise information on items such as the number of casualties. Nevertheless, they argue, their results are better than any that preceded them. These basic facts about wars were published in a handbook, The Wages of War 1865—1965, edited by two leaders of the project, J. David Singer and Melvin Small. Even though this is only the beginning of the project, it already provides some answers to questions about wars. You might hear a street corner preacher tell you that the end of the world is at hand, because the number of wars is increasing just as the Bible prophesies. If you want to check the validity of such an assertion, you could turn to The Wages of War and answer the question using the best available data.
The next step in the project is to identify conditions or events that seem to be associated with wars. They are not looking for explanations, but just for correlations, that is, items that usually accompany each other. It is for this reason that they have named their project "The Correlates of War". Starting with their collection of data on wars, they could examine the hypothesis of Woodrow Wilson that autocracies are the cause of wars. If this were true, then autocracies would fight other autocracies and democracies might fight autocracies in defense, but democracies would never fight democracies. After defining "democracy" in a way that could be measured (for example, the frequency with which officeholders change office) they would see if any of the wars they had identified in the last 150 years had been fought between two countries clearly identifiable as democracies. If they could find no such wars, they could say there was a correlation between democracy and peace. It would not yet be a proof that autocracies cause war. There could be other explanations—the world might contain only one or two democracies. But a correlation would be an important first step.
The Correlates of War project is just entering this second stage. It will be some time before a full theory appears. Even when the project does produce a theory of war (if it finds evidence to warrant such a theory), it may not provide the final word on the subject. Any such project must make decisions early in the research, such as what counts as a war and what does not. These decisions can crucially affect the outcome, even though it might not be evident for a long time that they will. Here is an example of this problem. The Correlates of War project counts the wars fought by Prussia under Bismarck as three separate wars because each stopped before the next one started. On the other hand, Hitler's belligerent moves against neighboring countries in 1939 and 1940 (Poland, Denmark, Belgium, France, Norway)
A．put an end to war once and for all
B．develop a new theory about the causes of war
C．correct errors in history books about the causes of war
D．reverse the method customarily used to study wars
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