Young chimpanzees spend a lot of time watching 6)___ .

It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 21—23) that young chimpanzees have difficulty ______.

A．communicating with their mothers

B．adding quantities

C．making choices

D．opening hard nuts

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

In the wild, chimpanzees have been known to hunt together, particularly when conditions dictate that a solo hunter will not be successful. Yet this does not prove that our nearest living relatives understand cooperation the same way that we do: such group hunts may simply be the product of independent and simultaneous actions by many individuals with little comprehension of the need for coordinated action to ensure success. A new study, however, shows for the first time that chimpanzees understand when cooperation is needed and how to go about securing it effectively. And another study shows they might even be willing to cooperate without hope of reward.

Alicia Melis of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and her colleagues presented chimpanzees at a sanctuary(保护区)in Uganda with a cooperative challenge. To reach a food tray from behind bars, a chimpanzee had to pull on two ends of a rope threaded through metal loops on the tray. If the chimpanzee simply pulled on one end, the rope would slip the loop. If, however, the chimpanzee unlocked the door to an adjacent room, released a fellow chimp, and cooperated with it to pull on both ends of the rope at the same time, both would be rewarded with the food on the tray.

Although this provides the first glimpse of cooperative understanding outside humanity--and raises the possibility that such abilities might have been present in our common ancestor more than six million years ago--it does not mean that chimpanzees can communicate about a shared goal, like human children. However, in the second study, led by Felix Warneken, also at the Max Planck Institute, three young chimpanzees helped their human minder reach for objects even without any hope of reward--just like human children as young as 18 months old. "This is the first experiment showing altruistic helping toward goals in any nonhuman primate(灵长类动物)," Warneken notes. "It's been claimed chimpanzees act mainly for their own ends, but in our experiment, there was no reward and they still helped."

In the animal world, chimpanzees were believed ______.

A．to be collaborative and altruistic

B．to act independently and individually

C．to understand cooperation just as man does

D．to know how to achieve success with coordinated action

me animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing. （）

Animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools． One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts． In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips． One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other our chips and three chips． Allowed to choose which pair they wanted,the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability． Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums． What does the passage mainly discuss A．The role of instinct in animal behavior

B．Observations that suggest consciousness in an anima behavior

C．The use of food in studies of animal behavior

D．Differences between the behavior． of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments．

Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers

Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys

While young male chimps pass their time playing, young female chimps carefully study their mothers. AS a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.

Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in .Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, spent four years watching how young 'chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned "cultural behavior".

The sex differences in learning behavior. were "consistent and strikingly apparent", says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. "A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans," they write in the journal Nature.

Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior. and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths;

Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, Where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.

Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.

Lonsdorf adds that there are just two main sources of animal portein for chimps -- the termites or colobus monkeys. "Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant. This makes hunting difficult," she says. "Adult females spend more time fishing, for termites than males." So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better. "They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seem to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles at a very young age."

Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chirnps at fishing for termites？

A．Because young female chimps don't play with their brothers.

B．Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.

C．Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites.

D．Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.

The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in thepassage to demonstrate

A．the advantages of specialization

B．the type of food that larvae are fed

C．the ways ant colonies train their young for adult tasks

D．the different stages of ant development

uture ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.

Explanations of animal behavior. that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior. Honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun's position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform. and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.

Other Behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to label quantities of items and do simple sums.

Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have？

A．Selecting among choices.

B．Anticipating events to come.

C．Remembering past experiences.

D．Communicating emotions.

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events,

anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within

a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals

can be credited with conscious processing.

(5) Explanations of animal behavior. that leave out any sort of consciousness at

all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.

One example of such unexplained behavior. Honeybees communicate the sources of

nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation

of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun's position in the sky,

(10)and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most

researchers assume that the ability to perform. and encode the dance is innate and shows

no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the

food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging

honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would

(15)appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the

bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees,

whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location

of the new site. Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many

(20)animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the

natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees

occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees

compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five

chips and three chips, the other

(25)our chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the

chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing

ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．The role of instinct in animal behavior

B．Observations that suggest consciousness in an anima behavior

C．The use of food in studies of animal behavior

D．Differences between the behavior. of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments.

【T10】

A.SOLVE

B.DISTINGUISH

C.INTERACT A.WOULD THAT CHANGE THE WAY HUMANS【T7】______WITH THEM

B.ONE PARROT CAN【T8】______FIVE OBJECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT TYPES

C.ALLOWED HER TO【T9】______A NEW PROBLEM WHEN JUDGING ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE, SCIENTISTS LOOK FOR INSIGHT, WHICH THEY DEFINE AS A FLASH OF SUDDEN UNDERSTANDIN

G.WHEN A YOUNG GORILLA COULD NOT REACH FRUIT FROM A TREE, SHE NOTICED CRATES SCATTERED ABOUT THE LAWN, PILED THEM AND THEN CLIMBED ON THEM TO REACH HERREWAR

D.THE GORILLA"S INSIGHT【T10】______WITHOUT TRIAL AND ERROR.THE ABILITY TO USETOOLS IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT SIGN OF INTELLIGENC

E.CROWS USE STICKS TO PRY PEANUTS OUT OF CRACKS.THE CROW EXHIBITS INTELLIGENCE BY SHOWING IT HAS LEARNED WHAT A STICK CAN DO.LIKEWISE, OTTERS USE ROCKS TO CRACK OPEN CRAB AND, IN A SERIES OF COMPLEX MOVES, CHIMPANZEES HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO USE STICKS TO GET AT FAVORITE SNACK-TERMITES. MANY ANIMALS HAVE LEARNED TO COMMUNICATE USING HUMAN LANGUAG

E.SOME PRIMATES HAVE LEARNED HUNDREDS OF WORDS IN SIGN LANGUAG

E.ONE CHIMP CAN RECOGNIZE AND CORRECTLY USE MORE THAN 250 ABSTRACT SYMBOLSON A KEYBOARD AND 【T11】______AND CAN UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NUMBERS,COLORS, AND KINDS OF OBJECT. THE RESEARCH ON ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE RAISES IMPORTANT QUESTIONS.IF ANIMALS ARE SMARTERTHAN ONCE THOUGHT,【T12】______？ WOULD HUMANS STOP HUNTING THEM FOR SPORT OR SURVIVAL？ WOULD ANIMALS STILL BE USED FOR FOOD OR CLOTHING OR MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION？ FINDING THE ANSWER TO THESE TOUGH QUESTIONS MAKES A DIFFICULT PUZZLE EVEN FOR.A LARGE-BRAINED, PROBLEM-SOLVING SPECIES LIKE OUR OW

N.

Task 2

Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.

Man finds living together with his own species (物种) difficult enough and living together with other species almost impossible. Our usual solution is to kill off anything that get in our way. Even on those rare occasions when we do enter a relationship with other species, it is heavily biased (带有倾向) in our favor. The other species benefit only when they suit our own interests. Our attempts to communicate with another species are concerned mainly with giving orders in our own language and having them obeyed. Probably our best attempt has been the whistle language that is used in the shepherd-sheepdog relationship. This is a system that is natural to neither species, but one that both can under stand. Its only fault lies in fact that the bias is still there—the dog cannot whistle for the man.

But now comes news of a piece of research that promises for the first time, to open up two-way communication between man and another species.

At the University of Nevada in the western United States, animated (活跃的) conversations are being held with a young female chimpanzee (黑猩猩) called Washoe. Allen and Beatrice Gardener have succeeded in doing this because they have used an entirely new approach, an approach based on the natural abilities of the champanzee. Past attempts to communicate with chimpanzees have failed because the researchers tried to make their animals use a local language.

According to the writer, when man finds it impossible to live together with other species, he usually ______.

A．tries to communicate with them

B．tries to teach them a language

C．sets up a relationship with them

D．wipes them out