Production volume is the only activity base within companies.

According to the article, what changes did the Commercial Revolution bring about？

A．Methods of production

B．Appearance of craft guilds

C．Increased trade volume

D．Growth of trade, banking and methods of production

A、that relative wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.

B、which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.

C、which country will export which product.

D、the volume of trade.

部分气体冷却后返送到压缩机进口的调节方法。The air volume required by production is smaller than that of the compressor, and the excess gas is sent back to the compressor inlet after cooling.

The principal concept behind comparative advantage is that a nation should______.

A．compare its volume of trade with all other nations

B．use tariffs and quotas to protect the production of vital products for the nation

C．concentrate production on those products for which it has the lowest domestic opportunity cost

D．make the nation self-sufficient in the production of essential goods and services

A company currently uses a standard absorption costing system. The fixed overhead variances extracted from the operating statement for November are: $ Fixed production overhead expenditure variance 5,800 adverse Fixed production overhead capacity variance 4,200 favourable Fixed production overhead efficiency variance 1,400 adverse PQ Limited is considering using standard marginal costing as the basis for variance reporting in future. What variance for fixed production overhead would be shown in a marginal costing operating statement for November？

A、No variance would be shown for fixed production overhead

B、Expenditure variance: $5,800 adverse

C、Volume variance: $2,800 favourable

D、Total variance: $3,000 adverse

A．the full selling costs have not been taken into account.

B．the production costs were not estimated correctly.

C．there are unforeseen problems with distribution.

D．there has been a lack of economic stability.

A、redefining their product offering through value innovation and creating a new market space.

B、initiating a price war in order to grow volume and drive its weaker rivals out of the industry.

C、developing brand loyalty to protect them from intense price rivalry within their industry.

D、charging premium prices for their goods or services.

E、adopting lean production and flexible manufacturing technologies.

roduction. In job production, products are supplied to the special requirements of a customer, and the whole project is undertaken as one operation which is completed before passing on to the next. A good example of this kind of work is shipbuilding. In job production a single item is produced at a time, whereas in batch production a number of similar items are produced in order to meet a continuing sales demand. Batch sizes vary, but the quantity which is produced amounts to more than immediate requirements, and the surplus production is stored. Finally, in flow production, the manufacture of a product proceeds from one operation to another at a planned rate of output.

It is argued that the type of production method which is employed depends on the development of an individual company. That is to say, many factories begin manufacturing on a job production basis and proceed, as the volume of production increases, to batch and flow production methods. This is not always the case, however, since the type of production is not necessarily determined by the product volume which is aimed at. In fact, in the car industry, tools are produced by jobbing methods, components are produced by batch methods, and the final products are assembled by flow methods.

Flow production is associated with flow layouts, whereas job and batch production are associated with process layouts. In a process layout, machines of a similar type are grouped together in the same section of the factory, and work in progress is moved from one part of the factory to another. In a flow layout scheme, the manufacturing equipment is arranged in the same sequence as the operations performed on the product. Each of these operations must be capable of processing work at the rate required for assembly of the final product, and the output for each operation must be balanced in order to provide a smooth flow of work.

There are advantages in both types of layout. In a process layout system there is more flexibility, and a greater specialization of machines and labor is possible, while in a flow layout system it is not necessary to maintain a high level of stocks or to demand great skill in the workforce.

The production method is not dependent on the size of a company because different products can be______

A．displayed at different locations

B．produced by different production methods

C．designed by different specialists

D．sold at different markets

A、It is a budget which by recognizing different cost behaviour patterns is designed to change as the volume of activity changes

B、It is a budget for a defines period of time which includes planned revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flows.

C、It is a budget which is prepared for a period of one year which is reviewed monthly, whereby each time actual results are reported, a further forecast period is added and intermediate period forecasts are updated.

D、It is a budget of semi-variable production costs only.