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[主观题]

Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the Principle of Populationalmost 200 years ago. Eve

Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the Principle of Population

almost 200 years ago. Ever since then, forecasters have being warning 【M1】 ______

that worldwide famine was just around the next comer. The fast-growing

population's demand for food, they warned, would soon exceed their 【M2】 ______

supply, leading to widespread food shortages and starvation.

But in reality, the world's total grain harvest has risen steadily over the

years. Except for relative isolated trouble spots like present-day Somalia, 【M3】 ______

and occasional years of good harvests, the world's food crisis has remained 【M4】 ______

just around the comer. Most experts believe this can continue even as ff 【M5】 ______

the population doubles by the mid-21st century, although feeding l0 billion

people will not be easy for politics, economic and environmental reasons. 【M6】 ______

Optimists point to concrete examples of continued improvements in yield.

In Africa, by instance, improved seeds, more fertilizers and advanced 【M7】 ______

growing practices have more than double com and wheat yields in an 【M8】 ______

experiment. Elsewhere, rice experts in the Philippines are producing

a plant with few stems and more seeds. There is no guarantee that plant 【M9】 ______

breeders can continue to develop new, higher-yielding crop, but most 【M10】______

researchers see their success to date as reason for hope.

【M1】

提问人：网友flamingocc 发布时间：2022-01-07

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更多“Thomas Malthus published his E…”相关的问题

第1题

Thomas Malthus was an Anglican clergyman.A．YB．NC．NG

Thomas Malthus was an Anglican clergyman.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第2题

Economic evidence supports the predictions of Thomas Malthus regarding the effects of population growth and the food supply on the standard of living.（）

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第3题

What does the passage say about the predictions made by Thomas Robert Malthus and Paul Ehr

lich？

A．They proved to be useful.

B．They have not come true.

C．They proved to be accurate.

D．They have not drawn enough attention.

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第4题

Demography is the statistical study of human populationIt can be a-general science that ca

Demography is the statistical study of human population

It can be a-general science that can be applied to any kind

of dynamic population, that is, one that changed over 【M1】______

the time or space. It encompasses the study of the size, 【M2】______

structure and distribution of populations, and spatial or

temporal changes in them in response to birth, death,

migration and aging.

Human demography is the most well known discipline

of demography, and typically what people refer when 【M3】______

using the term demography. Demographic analysis

can be applied to whole societies or to groups defined by

criterion such as education, nationality, religion and ethnicity. 【M4】______

In academia, demography is often regarded as a branch

of either economy or sociology. Formal demography 【M5】______

limits its object of study to the measurement of populations

processes, when the more broad field of social demography 【M6】______

studies also analyze the relationships between

economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing on 【M7】______

a population.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) is regarded as the "father of demography"

for his economic analysis of social organization which

produced the first scientific and theoretical work on

population, development, and group dynamics. At the end of the

18th century, Thomas Malthus concluded that, if unchecked,

populations would be subject to exponential growth. He feared

that population growth would intend to outstrip growth in food 【M8】______

production, leading to ever increased famine and poverty; he 【M9】______

is seen as the intellectual father of ideas of overpopulation and

the limits for growth. Later more sophisticated and realistic 【M10】______

models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz and Verhulst.

【M1】

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第5题

听力原文：Not until some 200 years ago did the world population begin increasing at a rapid

听力原文： Not until some 200 years ago did the world population begin increasing at a rapid rate. In many parts of the world, people's health began to improve as a result of improved sanitation, the drainage of swamps, and, later, such developments in the field of medicine as the use of antibiotics. Increased trade brought better economic conditions in many countries. All these improvements made it possible for man to live longer. The standard of livings throughout the world began to rise as a result of advances in agriculture and in the processing of agricultural products. These included better farming methods, mechanization, fertilization, and refrigeration. Improved transportation helped to open new territories for settlement in the Western Hemisphere and in Australia. It also helped in distributing the great abundance of agricultural and industrial products that began to be available.

The combination of a high birth rate and a low death rate is creating a rapid population increase in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Experts fear that the population may soon grow faster than the food supply available in these continents, which are so dependent upon agriculture. Conditions of absolute over-population would result in many countries. In 1798 the English economist Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834) said in his famous Essay on the Principle of Population that population increases at a faster rate than the food supply does. Therefore if such natural checks as war, starvation, and disease did not decrease the population, the world would outgrow its food supply. However, Malthus could not foresee that in many parts of the world, medical, scientific, and technological advances would wipe out these natural checks to population growth.

Solutions to the problem of overpopulation are not easy to find. In many cases a people's culture and way of life stand in the way of such matters as late marriages and birth control, which would help lower the birth rate. A change from an agricultural to an industrial economy would provide another answer. Many countries are planning such a change, but they lack the raw materials, capital, transportation facilities, technical skills, and markets for products. Migration from countries that are seriously overpopulated might help. In many cases, however, the countries to which migrants want to go have laws that prevent many of the migrants from entering.

Questions:

11. Which of the following factors for the improvement of people's health in many parts of the world is not mentioned in the talk？

12. What brings about better economic conditions in many countries？

13. What is the main reason for opening up new territories in the Western Hemisphere？

14. What is Malthus's population theory？

15. By whom are late marriages and birth control favored？

(31)

A．Better education.

B．Better sanitation.

C．Better medicine.

D．Both B and C.

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第6题

Birth ControlThe term birth control refers to the volitional （自觉的) control of the numbe

Birth Control

The term birth control refers to the volitional (自觉的) control of the number and spacing of children in a family. It encompasses the wide range of rational and irrational methods that have been used in the attempt to regulate human fertility, as well as the response of individuals and of groups within society to the choices offered by such methods. Birth control has been and remains controversial. The U. S. reformer Margaret Sanger coined the phrase in 1914～1915 and, like the social movement she founded, the term has been caught up in a quest for acceptance, generating many synonyms, family planning, planned parenthood, responsible parenthood, voluntary parenthood, contraception, fertility regulation, and fertility control.

Human reproduction involves a range of activities and events, from sexual intercourse through birth, and depends as well on a series of physiological interactions, such as the timing of ovulation within the menstrual cycle. The visible events are central to the transmission of life and have been subject to social and religious control. The invisible factors in human reproduction gave rise early on to speculation and in modern times have become the topic of scientific investigation and manipulation. New knowledge relevant to birth control has diffused at different rates through various social groups and has not always been available to those with the greatest need. Hence, the conflicts and controversies surrounding birth control have been complex and impassioned. The disagreement over birth control arises in part from the debate over what is natural and what is artificial (and, to some, unacceptable).

In 1790 a Venetian monk, Gianmaria Ortis, concluded that human population growth could not continue indefinitely. Malthus' work a few years later stimulated more discussion and also provided the intellectual clue that inspired Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution through the survival of the fittest. In 1798 Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. It posed the conundrum (大难题) of geometrical population growth's outstripping arithmetic expansion in resources. The debate about human numbers remained academic, however, until the 1950s, when a surge in population occurred as a result of the comparative peace and prosperity following World War Ⅱ.

In Malthus' time world population was under 1,000,000,000, and when Sanger and Stopes opened the first birth control clinics population was still less than 2,000,000,000. In 1960 global population surpassed 3,000,000,000, and the next 1,000,000,000 was added in a mere 15 years. In the 19th century the population of industrialized nations rarely grew by more that 1 percent per annum, but in the 1960s and '70s many developing countries exploded at a rate of 2 to 3 percent per year.

Rapid population growth has several economic consequences. It requires heavier investment in education, health, and transport merely to maintain these services at their previous level; yet, the working population has a higher burden of dependence to support, making both individual and national saving more difficult. Although population growth is not the only problem dividing rich and poor countries, it is one important variable that has widened the gap in growth in per capita income between developed and developing nations. Advocates of birth control see it as a means to prevent the personal and social pressures that result from rapid population growth.

There is a marked relationship between patterns of reproduction and the risk of death to the mother and her child. Maternal deaths and infant mortality are up to 60 percent higher among girls under 15 than among women who have a child in their early 20s. The risk of death to the mother and her child rises again in the second half of the 30s. Maternal and infant mortality is lowest for the second and third deliveries.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第7题

在malthus人口模型中人口数量有上限

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第8题

不能用来修饰抽象类的有

A.private

B.publi

C.final

D.static

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第9题

Malthus人口模型中，增量是（）减去死亡人口数。

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