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The island "Celtic" identity was invented in the 18th century.A．YB．NC．NG

The island "Celtic" identity was invented in the 18th century.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

提问人：网友tsdafeng 发布时间：2022-01-06

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第1题

Peoples of BritainIntroductionThe story of early Britain has traditionally been told in te

Peoples of Britain

Introduction

The story of early Britain has traditionally been told in terms of waves of invaders displacing or annihilating(消灭) their predecessors. Archaeology suggests that this picture is fundamentally wrong. For over 10,000 years people have been moving into—and out of—Britain, sometimes in substantial numbers, yet there has always been a basic continuity of population.

The gene pool of the island has changed, but more slowly and far less completely than implied by the old "invasion model", and the notion of large-scale migrations, once the key explanation for change in early Britain, has been widely discredited.

Before Roman times "Britain" was just a geographical entity, and had no political meaning, and no single cultural identity. Arguably this remained generally true until the 17th century, when James I of England sought to establish a pan-British monarchy.

Throughout recorded history the island has consisted of multiple cultural groups and identities. Many of these groupings looked outwards, across the seas, for their closest connections—they did not necessarily connect naturally with their fellow islanders, many of whom were harder to reach than maritime neighbors in Ireland or continental Europe.

It therefore makes no sense to look at Britain in isolation; we have to consider it with Ireland as part of the wider "Atlantic Archipelago", nearer to continental Europe and, like Scandinavia, part of the North Sea world.

First Peoples

From the arrival of the first modern humans—who were hunter-gatherers, following the retreating ice of the Ice Age northwards—to the beginning of recorded history is a period of about 100 centuries, or 400 generations. This is a vast time span, and we know very little about what went on through those years; it is hard even to fully answer the question, "Who were the early peoples of Britain？", because they have left no accounts of themselves.

We can, however, say that biologically they were part of the Caucasoid(高加索人种) population of Europe.

The regional physical stereotypes familiar to us today, a pattern widely thought to result from the post-Roman Anglo-Saxa and Viking invasions—red-headed people in Scotland, small, dark-haired folk in Wales and lanky blondes in southern England—already existed in Roman times. Insofar as they represent reality, they perhaps attest the post-Ice Age peopling of Britain, or the first farmers of 6,000 years ago.

Before Rome: the "Celts"

the end of the Iron Age(roughly the last 700 years B.C., we get our first eye-witness accounts of Britain from Greco-Roman authors, not least Julius Caesar who invaded in 55 and 54 B.C. These reveal a mosaic of named peoples(Trinovantes, Silures, Cornovii, Selgovac, etc.), but there is little sign such groups had any sense of collective identity any more than the islanders of AD 1000 all considered themselves "Britons".

However, there is one thing that the Romans, modern archaeologists and the Iron Age islanders themselves word all agree on: they were not Celts. This was an invention of the 18th century; the name was not used earlier. The idea canto from the discovery around 1700 that the non-English island tongues relate to that of the ancient continental Gauls, who really were called Celts. This ancient continental ethnic label was applied to the wider family of languages. But "Celtic" was soon extended to describe insular monuments, art, culture and peoples, ancient and modern: island "Celtic" identity was born, like Britishness, in the 18th century.

Archaeologists widely agree on two things about the British Iron Age: its many regional cultures grew out of the preceding local Bronze Age, and did not derive from waves of continental "Celtic" invaders. And secondly, calling the British Iron Age "Celtic" is so misleading that it is best abandoned.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第2题

About two thousand years ago, the Celts were still in their primitive society and Britain

was still covered with dense forests and swamps. They knew nothing of a written language, although they could utter different sounds to exchange simple ideas. But the Celts created their own civilization of which the most shining example was the historical Stonehenge in Wiltshire. The Stonehenge, still in existence now, was a circular arrangement of monoliths built by the ancient Britons for purposes still unknown to modern historians. The Celtic language didn't disappeared completely, either. Some of the Celtic words or sounds were later assimilated into the English language. Some people in Scotland and Wales now still speak a language of Celtic origin. It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France and they, perhaps, offered some help in the struggle to resist Julius Caesar when he invaded France. The Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in the first century B.C. In the first Century A.D., the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. They did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now known as England by driving many of the native Celts to mountainous Scotland and Wales.

The Romans brought other things with them besides their swords. They introduced their Roman civilization into England. They built towns, temples, theatres and fane buildings, better ones than the Britons had ever dreamed of. They drained marshes, cleared away forests, built roads and taught the Britons to cultivate their land in a better way. They introduced a system of organized government in towns, which usually took on names ending in "shire". They remained in England for about 350 years until 410 A.D. when the Germanic races started invading Rome. The invasion made it necessary to withdraw the Roman soldiers from England to defend their home country. The island of Britain was again returned to the control of the native inhabitants.

But the natives had been ruled and protected so long by the Roman troops that they did not know how to protect themselves, the island, therefore, became a tempting and easy prey to the tribes within easy reach. Invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England. The Britons hardly knew what to do and they, in despair, asked the Romans to send back their soldiers to protect them Rome could not do this as she had more serious business on hand. Just at this time, a band of newcomers landed in the southern part of England, in what is now the county of Kent. These newcomers were known in history as the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons who had come from Northern Europe. They were aggressive rovers and pirates ready to plunder or to fight. To them the Britons turned for assistance. They asked the newcomers to join in the war against their fierce neighbors. The result was a victory for the combined Britons and Anglo-Saxons.

The text is mainly about

A．How the Celts' language came.

B．Why the Roman was driven out of Britain.

C．The reason why Britain was ruled by Anglo—Saxons.

D．How Anglo—Saxons fought with Romans.

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第3题

Are the British people Europeans？ This may seem a strange question to Africans and Asians,

who tend to think of all white men as Europeans. But the British, when they are in Britain, do not regard themselves as Europeans. The Europeans, to them, are those rather excitable foreigners from the other side of the English Channel, who have never learnt how to speak English. Europe is "the Continent"; a place full of interest for Britain tourists, but also the source of almost all the wars in which Britain has ever been involved. Thus, although geographically speaking Britain is a part of Europe, yet the fact that it is a separate island has made its people feel very, very insular. They feel, and in many ways are, different from the rest of Europe, and they sometimes annoy continental nations by failing to support them, or even to understand them, in time of need.

Where did the British people come from？ This is an extraordinary interesting question, since they are a mixture of many different races, and all these races invaded Britain before at various times from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century B. C., but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: first the Baels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language; and secondly the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britain in very large numbers, so the British race survived until the overthrow of the Roman Empire by the "barbarians", i. e., the numerous Germanic tribes that overran the whole of Western Europe.

According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true？

A．The British in Britain regard themselves as Europeans.

B．Chinese and Egyptian will think of white men as Europeans.

C．White men are Europeans in the eye of Americans and Asians.

D．Those who speak English are Europeans.

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第4题

Ireland has a lot to offer the traveler besides its famouslygreen countryside and popular

Ireland has a lot to offer the traveler besides its famously

green countryside and popular traditional music. It is rich on【M1】______

prehistoric and Medieval ruins, fine Georgian architecture,

and art. For those interested in literature, it is also the homeland

of a great deal of the English language's finest writers: Swift,【M2】______

Wilde, Shaw, Yeats, O'Casey, Beckett, Behan, and—most famous

of all—James Joyce. The Irish are intense proud of their writers, 【M3】______

and literary memorials are scattered all over the country, and

frequently visited.

Unlike Northern Ireland, about which we hear so often in the

news, the nation of Eire, that makes up most of the island, gained 【M4】______

its dependence formally in 1921 and completely separated from 【M5】______

the United Kingdom in 1949. Although memories of the long

struggle for independence are everywhere, but Ireland is also a very 【M6】______

modern nation. In the 1990s it experienced high-tech boom which 【M7】______

created widespread prosperity. In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble,

some of that prosperity have dwindled, and the Irish are struggling with 【M8】______

a declining economy; but the country is still presents a bright, modern 【M9】______

face to the world. It is a participating member of the European Monetary

Union, so we had our first chance to use Euros on this trip. Although

the bills are generic across the Union, coins have a reverse side

illustrating some aspect of their country of origin—in case of Ireland, 【M10】______

a Celtic harp.

【M1】

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第5题

Are the British people Europeans？ This may seem a strange question to Africans and Asians,

who tend to think of all white men as Europeans. But the British, when they are in Britain, do not regard themselves as Europeans. The Europeans, to them, are those rather excitable foreigners from the other side of the English Channel, who have never learnt how to speak English. Europe is "the Continent": a place full of interest for British tourists, but also the source of almost all the wars in which Britain has ever been involved. Thus, although geographically speaking Britain is a part of Europe, yet the fact that it is a separate island that has made its people feel very, very insular. They feel, and in many ways are, different from the rest of Europe and they sometimes annoy continental nations by failing to support them, or even to understand them, in time of need.

Where did the British people come from？ This is an extraordinary interesting question, since they are a mixture of many different races, and all these races invaded Britain at various times from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century B. C. , but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes; first the Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language; and secondly the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization, but they never settled in Britain in very large numbers, so the British race survived until the overthrow of the Ro man Empire by the "barbarians", i. e. the numerous Germanic tribes which overran the whole of Western Europe.

The purpose of the passage is to ______.

A．talk about Europeans

B．discuss the origin of British people

C．argue for the superiority of British people

D．compare the Europeans with Africans and Asians

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第6题

English and Welsh are both Celtic Languages.（)

English and Welsh are both Celtic Languages.()

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第7题

The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe—the Britons.