Chimpanzees need 4) ____ childhood dependency

It is significant that chimpanzees make tools, but it is more important that ______.

A．they never make tools before they need them

B．they can make up simple equations

C．they stack items to make platforms

D．the tools are crude

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

In the wild, chimpanzees have been known to hunt together, particularly when conditions dictate that a solo hunter will not be successful. Yet this does not prove that our nearest living relatives understand cooperation the same way that we do: such group hunts may simply be the product of independent and simultaneous actions by many individuals with little comprehension of the need for coordinated action to ensure success. A new study, however, shows for the first time that chimpanzees understand when cooperation is needed and how to go about securing it effectively. And another study shows they might even be willing to cooperate without hope of reward.

Alicia Melis of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and her colleagues presented chimpanzees at a sanctuary(保护区)in Uganda with a cooperative challenge. To reach a food tray from behind bars, a chimpanzee had to pull on two ends of a rope threaded through metal loops on the tray. If the chimpanzee simply pulled on one end, the rope would slip the loop. If, however, the chimpanzee unlocked the door to an adjacent room, released a fellow chimp, and cooperated with it to pull on both ends of the rope at the same time, both would be rewarded with the food on the tray.

Although this provides the first glimpse of cooperative understanding outside humanity--and raises the possibility that such abilities might have been present in our common ancestor more than six million years ago--it does not mean that chimpanzees can communicate about a shared goal, like human children. However, in the second study, led by Felix Warneken, also at the Max Planck Institute, three young chimpanzees helped their human minder reach for objects even without any hope of reward--just like human children as young as 18 months old. "This is the first experiment showing altruistic helping toward goals in any nonhuman primate(灵长类动物)," Warneken notes. "It's been claimed chimpanzees act mainly for their own ends, but in our experiment, there was no reward and they still helped."

In the animal world, chimpanzees were believed ______.

A．to be collaborative and altruistic

B．to act independently and individually

C．to understand cooperation just as man does

D．to know how to achieve success with coordinated action

The question I am asked most often like I travel around the world springs from 【M1】______

people's deepest fear: "Jane, do you think there is hope？" Is there hope for the rain forests of Africa？ For the chimpanzees'？ For Africa's people？ Is there hope for the planet,

our beautiful planet that we were spoiling？ 【M2】______

Is there hope for us and for our children and grandchildren？ Sometimes it is hard to be optimistic. In Africa one can fly over mile after mile of country that

was lush and green fifteen or twenty years 【M3】______

which is now almost desert, where far more people and livestock are trying to live than the land can properly support. People, moreover, who are too poor to buy food from elsewhere. What lies ahead for them？ And what of Gombe？ When I first arrived there in 1960

the entire shoreline up and off 【M4】______

the lake was forested. Gradually, over the years, the trees have been cut down by the local people for firewood, for building poles, and to clear the land for cultivation. Today the forests outside the boundary of the national park have gone, left treeless slopes, 【M5】______

where the precious topsoil is eroding away, washed down with each rain into the lake, silting up the breeding grounds of the fish. Even the steepest slopes the forests are gone: 【M6】______

farmers have cleared them and are making pitiful attempts to grow crops of cassava and beans in the increasingly infertile soil that remains. Already, outside the national park, the chimpanzees and most of the other animals have gone. And people are beginning to suffer;

in some places women must dig up the root of trees long 【M7】______

since cut down to get the firewood they need for cooking. And all this changes is because【M8】______

the numbers of people have increased dramatically-mainly due to the explosive population growth, but also to repeated influxes of refugees from troubled Burundi in the north, 【M9】______

and more recently from eastern Congo. And this scenario is repeated again and again across the African continent and other developing countries; increased population growth, diminishing resources, and the destruction of nature, resulting from poverty and human suffering. 【M10】______

【M1】

It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 21—23) that young chimpanzees have difficulty ______.

A．communicating with their mothers

B．adding quantities

C．making choices

D．opening hard nuts

In the control group, chimpanzees ______.

A．learned to use poking

B．learned to use lifting

C．learned to use neither poking nor lifting

D．stuck to poking or lilting