Johnson—Laird等人（1972）的信封邮票任务实验是如何做的？能说明什么问题？

A.因果关系

B.自我同一性

C.早期依恋模式

D.父母教养方式

What is the attitude of many private colleges toward merit aid, according to David Laird？

A．They would like to see it reduced.

B．They regard it as a necessary evil.

C．They think it does more harm than good.

D．They consider it unfair to middle-class families.

听力原文： Father's Day was first observed in Spokane, Washington, in 1910. [32] Mrs. Dodd first proposed the idea of a "father's day" in 1906. Mrs. Dodd wanted a special day to honor her father, William Smart, who was widowed when his wife died in childbirth after their sixth child was born. Mr. Smart was left to raise the newborn and his other five children by himself. Mrs. Dodd wanted Father's Day to be celebrated on the first Sunday in June, her father's birthday. But it wasn't until 1966 that President Lyndon Johnson signed a presidential proclamation, declaring the 3rd Sunday of June as Father's Day. [33] In 1972, President Richard Nixon established a permanent national ceremony of [34] Father's Day to be held on the third Sunday of June, coming almost sixty years after Mother's Day had been proclaimed a national holiday. Today, Father's Day has become a day to [35] not only honor your father, but all men who act as a father-like figure, such as stepfathers, uncles, grandfathers, and adult males.

(33)

A．William Smart.

B．Mrs. Dodd.

C．President Lyndon Johnson.

D．President Nixon.

听力原文： Father's Day was first observed in Spokane, Washington, in 1910. Mrs. Dodd first proposed the idea of a "Father's Day” in 1906. Mrs. Dodd wanted a special day to honor her father, William Smart, who was widowed when his wife died in childbirth after their sixth child was born. Mr. Smart was left to raise the newborn and his other five children by himself. Mrs. Dodd wanted Father's Day to be celebrated on the first Sunday in June, her father's birthday. But it wasn't until 1966 that President Lyndon Johnson signed a presidential proclamation, declaring the 3rd Sunday of June as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon established a permanent national ceremony of Father's Day to be held on the third Sunday of June, coming almost sixty years after Mother's Day had been proclaimed a national holiday. Today, Father's day has become a day to not only honor your father, but all men who act as father-like figure, such as stepfathers, unless, grandfathers, and adult males.

(33)

A．William Smart.

B．Mrs. Dodd.

C．President Lyndon Johnson.

D．President Nixon.

What's professor Kimball's attitude towards Richard Laird and his book on happiness？

A．Positive.

B．Negative.

C．Indifferent.

D．Ambiguous.

Advertising and Public Relations: The Pretty Package

Back in 1960, when the role of advertising and public relations in politics first became apparent, Life magazine quoted one campaign strategist as saying, "I can elect any person to office if he has $60,000, an IQ of at least 120, and can keep his mouth shut."

Since the 1896 campaign, the election of a President has been determined largely by the ability of information specialists to generate favorable publicity. In recent years that publicity has been supplanted(代替) by heavy spot buying on electronic media.

So many factors are involved in choosing a President that it is hard to say with any real empirical confidence how important any single medium is. The most talked-about medium in American politics is television. Highly publicized debates between candidates in 1960, 1976, and 1980 appear to have affected the outcomes. Richard Nixon(the early favorite) would probably not have lost to Kennedy if it were not for his poor showing on TV. Similarly, the 1976 debates probably clinched Jimmy Carter's narrow victory over Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan appeared to be the victor in the 1980 debates.

Yet there were other elections where, according to political analyst Edward Chester, no amount of TV exposure could have changed the outcome. Goldwater versus Johnson in 1964 and Nixon versus McGovern in 1972, both cases contain overwhelming winning. Television commercials seem to work best in close elections or in those where there is a large undecided vote. According to the Associated Press, Ford's TV spots during the 1976 campaign probably swung over 100,000 undecided voters a clay during the last few months of the campaign.

What effect does television have on the candidates themselves？ It establishes orders of importance that are different from those of an earlier day. The physical appearance of the candidate is increasingly important. Does he or she look fit, well-rested, secure？ Losing candidates like Adlai Stevenson, Hubert Humphrey, and Richard Nixon all seemed to look "bad" on TV. Nixon overcame this problem in 1972 with ads that featured longer shots of him being "presidential"—flying off to China. Close-ups were avoided.

Both John F. Kennedy and Jimmy Carter seemed more at time with the medium, perhaps because both were youthful, informal, and physically active outdoor types. Dwight Eisenhower and Lyndon Johnson seemed to have a paternal, fatherly image on the small screen. All of the recent Presidents have learned how to use the medium to their advantage, to "stage" events so as to receive maximum favorable coverage.

Television has changed the importance of issues. It can be argued that since the 1960 presidential debates we have elected people, not platforms. This is a major departure from earlier years. Franklin Roosevelt's radio charm cannot be denied, but he came to power with great success by one issue—the Great Depression.

All the print information we now receive is simpler and more condensed than ever before. Issues and print go together. Television is images, not issues. We develop a more personal, emotional feeling about the candidates. Jimmy Carter's spectacular rise to power was a testament to this new image orientation. No one really knew what he was going to do when he took office, since his entire campaign had been geared toward developing a relationship of trust with the electorate, "Trust me," he said. "I'll never lie to you."

Another example was the election of Reagan in 1980. For some this represented the ultimate television victory. After all, what other country can claim that it has actually elected an actor President？ It can be argued that Americans were tired of Carter and that Reagan simply offered an alternative. Yet throughout the campaign he offered us a media "vision" of a "shining city on a hill." And what about h

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

听力原文：M: Who came up with the idea of Father's Day？

W: Her name was Sonora Louise Smart Dodd and she lived in Spokane, Washington. Sonora was the oldest of six children raised by their father, William Jackson Smart, when their mother died during childbirth. Sonora honored and revered her father, and while listening to a Mother's Day sermon, in 1899, she determined there should also be a day to honor fathers.

M: Why June？

W: In 1910 Sonora chose June 19th, as the day to celebrate Father's Day because that was her father's birthday. With support from the Spokane Ministerial Association and the YMCA, the first Father's Day was celebrated in Spokane on June 19, 1910.

M: When did the United States begin celebrating Father's Day？

W: In 1910 Spokane, Washington celebrated Father's Day. In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge pro claimed the third Sunday in June as Father's Day. In 1926 a National Father's Day Committee was formed in New York City. Then in 1956 Father's Day was recognized by Joint Resolution of Congress. In 1966 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a presidential proclamation declaring that the third Sunday of June was Father's Day. In 1972 President Richard Nixon established a permanent national observance of Father's Day to be held on the third Sunday in June.

M: Do other countries celebrate Father's Day？

W: Father's Day is celebrated in every part of the world. In the United States, Canada and most countries in Asia, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June. Apart from flowers, on the third Sunday in June each year, all the fathers are still given presents, treated to dinner or other wise made to feel special.

M: What flowers are given to fathers as gift？

W: In both early times and these days, wearing flowers was a common way of celebrating the Day. Mrs. Dodd favored the red rose to honor a father still living, while a white flower honored a de ceased dad.

(30)

A．Because she thought man and woman should be equal.

B．Because the president Washington asked her to do so.

C．Because she wanted to show respect to her father who brought up six children.

D．Because she could not celebrate Mother's day.

斯诺(1905～1972)

A.June 16, 1971

B.July 16, 1972

C.June 17, 1972

D.July 17, 1972

A.1969

B.1970

C.1971

D.1972