A、infuse
B、gobble
C、cascade
A、infuse
B、gobble
C、cascade
It was this farm, ________hundreds of people worked, ________produced all that milk. |
[ ] |
A. where; that B. that; that C. that; where D. which; where |
The main burden of assuring that the resources of the federal government are well managed falls on relatively few of the five million men and women whom it employs. Under the department and agency heads there are 8r600 political, career, military, and foreign. Service executives-the top managers and professionals who exert major influence on the manner in which the rest are directed and utilized. Below their level there are other thousands with assignments of some managerial significance, but we believe that the line demarcation selected is the best available for our purposes in this attainment.
In addition to presidential appointment in responsible posts, the 8,600 include the three highest grades under Classification Act; the three highest grades in the postal field service, comparable grades in the foreign service, general officers in the military service, and similar classes in Other special services and in agencies or positions excepted from the Classification Act.
There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and absence of any central point (short of the President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.
The committee considers establishment and maintenance of a central inventory of these key people and .positions to bean elementary necessity a first step in improved management throughout the Executive Branch.
Top presidential appointees, about 500 of them, bear the brunt of translating the philosophy and aims of the current administration into practical programs. This group includes the secretaries and assistant secretaries of cabinet departments, agency heads and their deputies, heads and members of boards, and commissions with fixed terms and chiefs and directors of major bureaus, divisions and services. Appointments to many of these politically sensitive positions are made on recommendation by department or agency beads, but all are presumably responsible to Presidential leadership.
One qualification for office at this level is that there be no basic disagreement with presidential political philosophy, at least so far as administrative judgments and actions are concerned. Apart from the bipartisan boards and commissions these men are normally identified with the political party of the president) or are sympathetic to it, although there are exceptions.
There are four distinguishable kinds of top presidential appointees including
-Those whom the President selects at the outset to establish immediate and effective control over the government (e. g. Cabinet secretaries, agency heads, his own White House staff and Executive Office personnel).
-Those selected by department and agency heads in order to establish control within their respective organizations (e. g. assistant secretaries, deputies, assistants, and major line posts in some bureaus and divisions).
-High-level appointees, who--though often requiring clearance through political or interest group channels, or both-must have known scientific or technical competence (e.g. the Surgeon General, the Commissioner of Education).
-Those named to residual positions traditionally fdled on a partisan patronage basis. These appointees are primarily regarded as policy makers and over-seers of policy execution. In practice, however, they usually have substantial responsibilities ill line management, often requiring a thorough knowledge of substantive agency programs.
Tenure, the practice of assuring professors(1)continuation in their positions(2)they have passed successfully through a probationary period and provided they are not later found seriously deficient(3)a carefully specified procedure, is an important protection of academic freedom.(4)academic freedom of untenured professors, and of students' is not formally protected,(5)of equal concern in academic(6). Until the student movements of the 1960s, the United States lagged in(7)student academic(8); statements on student academic freedom(9)been issued by the AAUP and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
The U. S. Supreme Court has given legal(10)to academic freedom claims as falling(11), the First Amendment in decisions such(12)Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957) and Perry v. Sinderman (1972).(13)such actions, challenges(14)academic freedom regularly occur and have become acute(15)critical stages in U.S. history. Following World War Ⅱ,(16)example, the credentials of academics suspected of Communist-party affiliation were often questioned, and teachers were dismissed as actual or(17)Communists.
In the late 1980s some American colleges and universities tried to prevent speech offensive to minority groups.(18)endorsing efforts to discourage such speech,(19)both faculty and students, the courts ruled explicit speech codes designed to enforce "political correctness" unconstitutional as(20)the First Amendment, and the ACLU condemned the codes as undermining academic freedom. The codes were abandoned by the end of 1993.
Marian Anderson had a brilliant singing career which began a the age of six when she leamed spirituals' at the Union Baptis Church in her hometown of Philadelphia. Her tour of Europe in the 1920s drew vast acclaim; however, when .she returned to the United States she was still barred from performing on the American operatic stage. After she was prevented from singing in Washington's segregated Constitution Hall in 1939 Eleanor Roosevelt intervened and arranged for her to perform at the Lincoln Memorial. A crowd of 75, 000 people came to watch her sing before the Memorial. Her beautiful contralto voice was breaking down racial barriers, showing Americans that black had a profound contribution to make to Americans cultural life. Eventually, she became the first African-American singer to perform at New York's Metropolitan Opera in 1955. In her many years of touring she had to endure a racism that forced her to enter concert halls and hotels through service entrances. Her grace under this stress showed a moral perseverance that paralleled that of the famous Martin Luther King, Junior.
In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, delivery and related risks.
The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product-or what the market for the product is-before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.
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