长期（long run)

此题为判断题(对，错)。

Explain how permanent shifts in national real money-demand functions affect real and nominal exchange rates in the long run．

A country imposes a tariff on imports from abroad．How does its action change the long-run real exchange rate between home and foreign currency？ How is the long-run nominal exchange rate affected？

Continuing with the preceding problem．discuss how the transfer would affect the long-run nominal exchange rate between the two currencies．

一些经济学家相信税收对劳动供给有重要影响。他们认为，高税收使人们想少工作，而低税收使人们想多工作。考虑这种影响如何改变税收变动的宏观经济分析。

  a．如果这种观点正确的话。减税如何影响自然产出率?

  b．减税如何影响总需求曲线?如何影响长期总供给曲线?如何影响短期总供给曲线?

  c．减税对产出和物价水平的短期影响是什么?你的回答与没有劳动供给效应的情况有什么不同?

  d．减税对产出和物价水平的长期影响是什么?你的回答与没有劳动供给效应的情况有什么不同?

  Some economists believe that taxes have an important effect on labor supply. They argue that higher taxes cause people to want to work less and that lower taxes cause them to want to work more. Consider how this effect alters the macroeconomic analysis of tax changes.

  a．If this view is correct, how does a tax cut affect the natural rate of output?

  b．How does a tax cut affect the aggregate demand curve? The long-run aggregate supply curve? The short-run aggregate supply curve?

  c．What is the short-run impact of a tax cut on output and the price level? How does your answer differ from the case without the labor-supply effect?

  d．What is the long-run impact of a tax cut on output and the price level? How does your answer differ from the case without the labor-supply effect?

a．如果加州受衰退之苦，州政府为了刺激就业应该用货币还是财政政策？请解释。(注意：对这个问题，假设州政府可以印发美元钞票。)

b．如果加州禁止从华盛顿州进口红酒，收入、汇率和贸易余额会发生什么变动？考虑短期与长期影响。

Use the Mundell-Fleming model to answer the following questions about the state of California (a small open economy).

a．If California suffers from a recession, should the state government use monetary or fiscal policy to stimulate employment？ Explain. (Note: For this question, assume that the state government can print dollar bills.)

b．If California prohibited the import of wines from the state of Washington, what would happen to income, the exchange rate, and the trade balance？ Consider both the short-run and the long-run impacts.

用IS-LM图描述下列变动对国民收入、利率、物价水平、消费、投资以及实际货币余额的短期与长期影响。

  a．货币供给增加。

  b．政府购买增加。

  c．税收增加。

  Use the IS-LM diagram to describe the short-run and long-run effects of the following changes on national income, the interest rate, the price level, consumption, investment, and real money balances.

  a．An increase in the money supply.

  b．An increase in government purchases.

  c．An increase in taxes.