the Northern Han was the last kingdom of the ten states.

A.Qin

B.Han

C.Northern Wei

D.Tang

A、Han Dynasty.

B、Warring States Period.

C、Jin Dynasty.

D、Southern and Northern Dynasties.

A、Zhou Dynasty

B、Wei Dynasty

C、Western Han Dynasty

D、the Southern and Northern Dynasties

attacked the Huns invasion, and fundamentally relieved the northern threat. That was the circumstance when Zhang Qian set out to the west.

A、mineral

B、natural

C、cultural

D、financial

E、millitary

F、environmental

The Feudal Period of China

Qin Shi Huang(259-210 B.C.) and His Empire

In 221 B.C. Ying Zheng, ruler of the State of Qin and a man of great talent and bold vision, ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period, establishing the first centralized, unified, multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history—the Qin Dynasty(221-207 B.C.) He called himself Qin Shi Huang or "First Emperor of Qin." He standardized the written script, weights and measures, and currencies, and established the system of prefectures and counties. The sovereigns of the next 2,000-odd years followed the feudal governmental structure established by him. He mobilized more than 300,000 people over a period of a dozen years to build the Great Wall, which stretches for 5,000 km in northern China. Qin Shi Huang had work on his enormous mausoleum started early in his reign. The terracotta warriors of the "underground army" guarding the mausoleum, unearthed in 1974, amazed the world. The 8,000 vivid, life -size pottery figures, horses and chariots have been called the "eighth wonder of the world."

Han Dynasty(206 B.C.-A.D. 220) and the "Silk Road"

Liu Bang established the powerful Han Dynasty in 206 B.C. During the Han Dynasty, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished, and the population reached 50 million. During his reign(140-87 B.C.), the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che, Emperor Wudi, expanded the territory of the empire from the Central Plain to the Western Regions(present day Xinjiang and Central Asia). He dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the Western Regions, and in the process pioneered the route known as the "Silk Road" from Chang'an(today's Xl'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and Central Asia, and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Chinese silk goods were traded to the West along the Silk Road. As contacts between the East and West increased, Buddhism spread to China in the first century. In 105, an official named Cai Lan invented a technique for making fine paper, which is considered to have been a revolution in communication and learning.

Tang Dynasty(618-907)

After the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period(220-265), the Jin Dynasty(265-420), the Southern and Northern Dynasties(420-589) and the Sui Dynasty(581-618) were succeeded by the Tang Dynasty, established by IA Yuan in 618. IA Shimin, or Emperor Taizong(626-649), son of Li Yuan, adopted a series of liberal policies, pushing the prosperity of China's feudal society to its peak: Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished; technologies for textile manufacturing and dyeing, pottery and porcelain production, smelting and shipbuilding were further developed; and land and water transportation greatly improved. By the 660s, China's influence had firmly taken root in the Tarim and Jung gar basins and the Hi River valley, and even extended to many city-states in Central Asia. During this period, extensive economic and cultural relations were established with many countries, including Japan, Korea, India, Persia and Arabia.

Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties(960-1911)

The period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States, which succeeded the Tang Dynasty, was one of almost continual war fare. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the State of Later Zhou, established the Song Dynasty(960-1279), historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty. When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to the south, historically called the Southern Song Dynasty, it brought advanced economy and culture to the south, giving a great impetus to economic development there China in the Song Dynasty was in the front rank of the world in astronomy, science and technology and printing technology as evidenced, for example, by Bi Sheng's inventing movable type printing, a great revolution in printing history.

In 1271, Kublai, a grandson of Geng

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Section A

Embroidery (刺绣) is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. (81) From the magnificent Dragon Robes worn by emperors to today’s fashions, embroidery adds a great deal of pleasure to our culture and our lives.

The oldest embroidery on record in China dates from the Shang Dynasty. Embroidery in this period symbolised social status. (82) It was not until later on, as the national economy developed, that embroidery entered the lives of the common people.

After the Zhou Dynasty, the Han Dynasty witnessed a leap in both techniques and styles of embroidery. Embroidered objects ranged from the sun, the moon, stars, mountains, dragons, and phoenixes to tigers, flowers and grasses, clouds and geometric patterns. Auspicious words were also fashionable. Both historic records and products of the time prove this.

(83) The cultural relics found in the Mawangdui Han Tomb are the best evidence of this unprecedented development in embroidery. In addition, embroidery unearthed from the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, the ancient tombs in Turpan and northern Inner Mongolia, further strengthen this observation.

(84) The Chinese word for embroidery is" xiu" , a picture or embroidery in five colors. It implies beautiful and magnificent things.

Embroidery was an elegant task for ladies who were forbidden to go out of their homes. (85) It was a good pastime to which they could devote their intelligence and passion. Imagine a beautiful young lady embroidering a dainty pouch. Stitch by stitch, she embroiders a pair of love birds for her lover. It’s a cold winter day and the room is filled with the aroma of incense. What a touching and beautiful picture!

(81)

were continually attacking the Chinese northern 【C2】______ . With each new emperor, came endless debate about how to 【C3】______ the barbarians. There were four options. 【C4】______ offensive campaigns to drive them away or to destroy them; create defensive garrisons; develop diplomatic and 【C5】______ ties with them, or build a wall to keep them out.

All the options were 【C6】______ at various times. Experience showed that 【C7】______ campaigns were too costly and very risky, 【C8】______ defensive garrisons could not respond quickly enough 【C9】______ lightning attacks along a long border. The third option would seem to be a very 【C10】______ one and it was in fact tried successfully 【C11】______ a couple of occasions. Wall building became the most favored option in many dynasties. The three dynasties which 【C12】______ the most walls were the Qin, the Han and the Ming.

The effectiveness of the Great Wall in history is still a controversial 【C13】______ . Historical records show that the wall 【C14】______ at many times 【C15】______ repel invaders. Only on two occasions when a dynasty weakened from 【C16】______ were invaders from the north 【C17】______ advance and conquer. 【C18】______ , scholars think the Chinese wall builders were themselves responsible for the unrest on the border. The nomads were people who did not farm, so they 【C19】______ trade with China for many essentials. When the Chinese refused to trade with them, they had no option 【C20】______ raid border towns.

【C1】

A．continuous

B．constant

C．instant

D．urgent