题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
Medicine and surgery are now really team sports in which
A．patients and doctors play equally important roles.
B．the patient does not have an active role to play.
C．doctors have the final say in almost everything.
D．the patient has the most important rote to play.
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更多“Medicine and surgery are now r…”相关的问题
__________ technique in medicine and surgery we have, patients we can save
A.The good; the man
B.The better; the much
C.The better; the more
D.The best; the more
Nanotechnology
Many of the grand challenges of today and the future are found in the question: "How are we going to solve the problems and make serious improvements in industrial manufacturing, disease control, environmental pollution control, global climate change, food production, transportation, communication, and others？"
Nanotechnology (纳米技术 ) promises to make revolutionary contributions.Within the next few years we can expect to see major improvements. Here are some possibilities the things to come.Nanotechnology is fundamentally changing the way materials and devices will be produced in the future.
Nanostructures, ceramics, polymers, metals, and other materials will have greatly improved mechanical properties.In fact, with the ability to build things atom-by-atom and molecule-by-molecule there will be new classes of structural materials.Nanotechnology will enable products to be lighter, stronger, smarter, cheaper,cleaner, and more precise.
The ability to synthesize nanoscale budding blocks with precisely controlled size and composition and then to assemble them into larger structures with unique properties and functions will revolutionize segments of the materials manufacturing industry. Nanotechnology is expected to bring about lighter, stronger, and programmable materials ; reductions in life-cycle costs through lower failure rates; innovative devices based on new principles and architectures ; and use of molecular cluster manufacturing.
Nanotechnology will provide new tools for medicine.It could radically change the way surgery is done.It will make it possible to do molecular scale surgery to repair and rearrange cells.Since disease is the result of physical disorder, misarranged molecules and cells, medicine at this level should be able to cure most diseases.
Mutations in DNA could be repaired and cancer cells, toxic chemicals, and viruses could be destroyed through use of medical Nan devices.
Nanotechnology enabled increases in computational power will permit the characterization of macromolecular networks in realistic environments.Such simulations will be essential elements in the development of biocompatible implants and in the drug discovery process. Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact energy efficiency, storage, and production, Nanotechnology can change the economics of energy production.
The passage deals mainly with__________. 查看材料
A.grand challenge in manufacturing， medicine and computer industry
B.possibilities of nanotechnology"s contributions in the future
C.great changes caused by nanotechnology
D.practical application of nanotechnology
Do Patients Trust Doctors Too Much？
Earlier this year, the American College of Surgeons, the national scientific and educational organization of surgeons, conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to researching his or her surgery or surgeon. While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of an operation, they don't necessarily look for information that would address their concerns.
In fact, more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the credentials of the surgeon who operated. Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change (on average, about 10 hours) or a new car (8 hours) than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon who wields (支配) the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their surgeons or primary care doctors, whoever those individuals happen to be.
I felt curious about the survey, so I called Dr. Thomas Russell, executive director of the American College of Surgeons. "There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel compelled to look into their surgery or surgeons," he told me.
There are consequences to that kind of blind trust. "Today, medicine and surgery are really team sports," Dr. Russell continued, "and the patient, as the ultimate decision maker, is the most important member of the team. Mistakes can happen, and patients have to be educated and must understand what is going on. "
In other words, a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and responsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship educated about their doctors, their illnesses and their treatment.
"If we are truly going to reform. the health care system in the U. S. ," Dr. Russell said, "everybody has to participate actively and must educate themselves. That means doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, lawyers, pharmaceutical (制的) companies, and insurance companies. But most of all, it means the patient. "
Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon, who was among the first to understand the importance of gathering data in science, once observed, knowledge is power.
According to the author, patients should spend more time
A．researching the American College of Surgeons.
B．researching their surgery or surgeons.
C．researching new cars.
D．researching job changes.
SECTION B PASSAGES
Directions: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文： I am glad you have all had the opportunity to come here today for the opening of this modern new medical center. This new hospital has been designed to provide for all the health needs of the local population in this area. Not only does it have a fully equipped emergency room, this new hospital also has a dental clinic, a maternity ward for newborn children, and an operating room that should be able to handle most of the anticipated medical cases in the region. The hospital will establish a transfer system to cope with the few difficult cases that might be encountered. Whenever special types of surgery are required and this hospital is not considered adequate to provide for the needs, specialty surgeons can easily be flown in from other hospitals. Any case that cannot be handled here at this hospital will be sent to the state hospital by helicopter.
When the hospital is operating, it will have a full-time staff of three doctors as well as fourteen nurses and other employees. Sine the hospital will be employing employees from many different skill levels, the local economy will also benefit from this hospital.
What is discussed as a new part of the medical facilities？
A．Physical therapy equipment.
B．Nuclear medicine room.
C．A new operation room.
D．A restaurant.
One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate (率) from the disease has been increasing at an alarming Speed for the past thirty years. Medical experts know that people can reduce their chances of getting heart disease by exercising regulary, by not smoking, by changing their diets, and by paying more attention to reducing stress (压力) in their work.
However, Western health-care systems are still not paying enough attention to the prevention of the disease. There is a need for more programs to educate the public about the causes and prevention of heart disease. In stead of supporting such programs, however, the U. S. health-care system is spending large sums of money on the surgical (外科的) treatment of the disease, after it develops. This emhasis (强调) on treatment clearly has something to do with the technological advances that have taken in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology, has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques. Many operation that were considered impossible or too risky (有风险的) a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a huge in crease in heart surgery.
Although there is no doubt that heart surgery can help a large number of people, some people point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and money away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform. surger-even on patients for whom an operation is unnecessary--because the equipment and expert skills are there. A government office recently stated that major heart surgery was often performed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery ,for example, 0nly 15 percent of patients improved their conditions after the surgery. However, more than 100,000 of these operations are performed in the United States every year.
What effect has modern technology had on medicine？
A．It has reduced the costs of medical treatment.
B．It has helped save the lives of most patients.
C．It has encouraged doctors to do more heart surgeries.
D．It have helped educate people about the prevention of heart disease.
2. Modern surgery stresses accurate diagnosis of the disease and proper care of the patient before and after the operation. Thus, the surgeon not only needs to know how to perform. an operation, but also must have a wide knowledge of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology. Five to eight years of training after medical school are necessary for physicians to qualify as surgeons.
3. A surgical operation is complicated. Many people, medicines, equipment, and techniques help assure the greatest possible safety and comfort for the patient. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means of diagnosis are all part of modern surgery. A qualified surgical team is essential to the success of both the operation and the patient' s recovery. This team usually consists of a surgeon, at least one assistant, an anesthesiologist, and one or more nurses.
4. A surgeon uses many instruments in the course of an operation. These instruments include holders for needles and sponges, clamps to close off blood vessels, and retractors to hold back folds of skin. Sharp instruments include scissors and scalpels. Since the 1970' s, lasers have been used to make delicate cuts in body tissues. Doctors use the high- energy light of the laser to cut tissue by burning fine lines in the skin or other organs.
5. A surgeon can remove a long section of diseased intestine and sew the remaining intestinal sections together. The body will function normally after the operation. A kidney, or even a major part of the stomach, can be removed by an operation. In heart surgery, a doctor may replace one of the heart valves with an artificial one. Extensive surgery on the lungs and ribs is often part of the treatment of cancer. Sometimes an en- tire diseased lung is removed. A neurosurgeon can remove brain tumors and repair head injuries. Transplanting organs involves taking a healthy organ from one person and using it to replace the diseased organ in another person. The kidney is a commonly transplant- ed organ. The transplanted tissue must closely match that of the patient, or the patient' s body will reject the new organ.
6. In microsurgery, the surgeon operates while viewing the procedure through a microscope or magnifying glass. This technique enables physicians to perform. operations on some of the tiniest body structures. For example, surgeons can rejoin extremely small blood vessels and nerves by using this technique. Such surgery has led to the successful reattachment of severed fingers, hands, and even arms and legs. Doctors also use micro- surgery to operate on the delicate structures in the eye, the kidney, the brain, and many other parts of the body.
A. Modern techniques enable the surgeon to operate successfully upon all parts of the human body
B. Surgeons are especially trained so that they are skill- fully qualified for the performance of complicated operations
C. An entire stomach can not be removed even in modem surgery
D. The various mechanical instruments used in the course of a surgical operation
E. For a physician requires eight years of training in a medical school
F. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means, of diagnosis are prerequisites to the success of an operation
Paragraph 2 ______
Living is risky. Crossing the road, driving a car, flying, swallowing
an aspirin tablet or eating a chicken sandwich -- they can all be fatal.
Clearly some risks worth taking, especially when the rewards are 【M1】______.
high: a man surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that
jumping out of a second floor window is an accept risk to save his 【M2】______.
life. But in medicine a few procedures, drugs, operations or tests are
not real a matter of life and death. There may be sound medical 【M3】______.
reason for accepting electrical shock treatment, but such reasons are 【M4】______.
totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients. 【M5】______.
Surgery for cancer may cure or prolong a life, but the removal of
tonsils (扁桃体) cannot save anything a sore throat. Blood pressure 【M6】______.
drugs definitely help some people live after a heart attack, but these
same drugs may be both unnecessary and harm to those with only 【M7】______.
mild blood pressure problems.
Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are preparing to put up 【M8】______.
with in the name of better health is a high personal matter, not a 【M9】______.
decision we should remain to doctors alone. 【M10】______.
【M1】
Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the Heart
According to scientists in the USA, stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure. Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.
They injected stem cells into the pads of their hearts that were damaged. They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them (they had also suffered from severe heart failure). The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump (用泵抽运) more blood than the others.
According to Professor Robert Kormos, one of the researchers, these results could revolutionize heart treatment. Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit, this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help the failing heart work better.
All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly. The scientists measured their ejection fraction (射血分数). This is a measure of heart performance; you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle (心室)
Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%. These patients had ejection fraction of under 35%. They all had by-pass surgery (搭桥手术) performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle. Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1% while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37.2%.
No side effects were reported.
Heart failure is a common problem all over the world. In the UI~ alone about 650,000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant.
Current treatments relieve the symptoms. This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease.
第 16 题 The 20 patients had stem cell injections instead of surgery.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
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