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[主观题]
Fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly.A．TrueB．Fasle
Fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly.
A．True
B．Fasle
提问人：网友netweal
发布时间：2022-01-06
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Fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly.
A．True
B．False
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第2题
Fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly.A．RightB．Wrong
Fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly.
A．Right
B．Wrong
第3题
Water is necessary for life and good health. We often forget this fact when we think about
the other building blocks of life, such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. We can live for many days without eating. However, only two or three days without water usually leads to death.
点击查看答案
The human body may look solid, but most of it is water. New-born babies are as much as eighty-five percent water. Women are about sixty five percent water, and men about seventy-five percent. Women usually have less water than men because women, in general, have more fat cells. Fat cells hold less water than other kinds of cells.
Water is necessary for cooling the body on hot days, and when we are working hard or exercising. Water carries body heat to the surface of the skin when the heat is lost through perspiration.
Researchers note that fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly. Fat cells under the skin act like warm clothing to keep body heat inside. This is why over-weight people have a more difficult time staying cool than thin people.
Researchers also note that cold liquids cool us faster than warm liquids. This is because cold liquids take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster. They say, however, that cold sweet drinks do not work well. The sugar slows the liquid from getting into the bloodstream.
The body loses water every day through perspiration and urine. If we lose too much, we will become sick. To replace what is lost, health experts say grown persons should drink about two liters of liquids each day, and more in hot weather. They say we also can get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most fruits and vegetables have more than eighty percent water. Even bread has about thirty-three percent water.
From the passage we learn that among the following four groups of people _______.
A．fat women are over eighty percent water
B．thin men are never eighty percent water
C．new-born infants are over eighty percent water
D．elderly adults are over eighty percent water
第4题
Part ADirections: You will hear a talk. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling T
Part A
Directions: You will hear a talk. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1-10.
听力原文： Every year there are reports of people dying as the result of extremely hot weather. Many of the victims are old persons, whose hearts or breathing systems decline. But many die from lack of water.
Water is necessary for life and good health. We often forget this fact when we think about the other building blocks of life such as vitamins, minerals and proteins. We can live for many days without eating, but two or three days without water usually leads to death.
The human body may look solid, but most of it is water. New born babies are as much as 85% water. Women are about 65% water and men about 75%. Women usually have less water than men because women, in general, have more fat cells, and fat cells hold less water than other kinds of cells.
Water does many different things to keep us healthy. It carries hormones , antibodies and foods through the body, and carries away waste materials. That is why different parts of the body contain different amounts of water. For example, blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, the brain is 74% , and bones are 25%, .
Water is also necessary for cooling the body under hot weather and when we are working hard or exercising. Water carries body heat to the surface of the skin, where the heat is lost through perspiration. Researchers say cool liquids cool us faster than warm liquids, because cold liquids take up more heat inside the body and carry it away faster. They say, however, that cold sweet drinks do not work well because the sugar slows the liquid from getting into the blood-stream.
Researchers also note that fat cells block body heat from escaping quickly. Fat cells under the skin act like warm clothing to keep body heat inside. This is why overweight people have a more easy time staying cool than thin people.
The body loses water every day through perspiration and urine. If we lose too much, we will become sick. A 10% drop in body water can cause the blood system to fail. A 15% ~ 20% drop usually leads to death. To replace what is lost, health experts say growing persons should drink about 2 liters of liquids each day, and more in hot weather. They say we can also get some of the water we need in the foods we eat. Most fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. Meats are 50% ~ 60% water. And even bread is about 33% water. Water may be one of the most simple of all chemical substances, but it is the most important substance that we put into our bodies.
Water is a kind of chemical substance.
A．True
B．Fasle
第5题
Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by som
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
If you have gone on a diet and reached your goal, chances are good that when you stop dieting you will regain all the weight you lose. After several weeks on a low-calorie diet—900 calories or fewer— the body conserves energy by showing the speed at which it burns calories. This slow-down explains in part why your weight loss may cease after a few weeks. When you eventually return to eat a normal amount of food, your body may continue to burn calories at the slower rate, storing the remaining calories as fat. So if you are on a strict diet, your body may need fewer calories to maintain the same weight; losing weight becomes more difficult.
Doctors know that as you gain weight the fat cells in your body (most of us average 30 billion of them) become enlarged. But there is a limit to how big a fat cell can get, and very fat people develop additional fat cells—something more than 100 billion. It now appears that you can add fat cells at any point during your life, although the number you have is influenced by a combination of your history of dieting and your genetic makeup.
Fat cells differ distinctly from other cells in that they are made mostly of fat instead of protein and apparently they never go away, even after dieting. Instead, they merely shrink. Dr. Jukes Hirsch of Rckefeller University has examined the body tissue of very fat people who have lost weight, and found that it resembles that of starvation victims. Perhaps, he supposes, it is the billions of undersize, "hungry" cells that drive many formerly fat people off their diets.
New research reveals that your hungry cells aren't the only signal senders that tempt you toward the refrigerator. Another culprit may be the hormone insulin. Insulin tums sugar and fat into fuel for the body. In addition, some researchers believe that high levels of insulin are a factor in hunger and appetite—and may drive you to overeat.
Exercise helps maintain your weight and seems to bring insulin levels down, says Dr. Donald S. Robertson, a medical director. "Any weight -loss program must fail," he said, "unless it incorporates a certain amount of exercise."
When you stop dieting you will regain the weight you lost because ______.
A．the fat cells in your body have become enlarged
B．your appetite had become greater than before
C．your body can now consume only part of the calories you get from food
D．you have developed additional fat cells
第6题
FatAdult fat rates have almost quadrupled in the last 25 years. Not 22% of Britons are fat
Fat
Adult fat rates have almost quadrupled in the last 25 years. Not 22% of Britons are fat and three-quarters are overweight. The number of fat tripled in 20 years. 10% of six year olds are fat, rising to 17% of 15 year olds. Becoming fat can lead to health problems, including arthritis, heart disease and diabetes;
What is Fat？
Your "body mass index" or BMI is a measure of, body fat based on height and weight.
A BMI of:
Under 20 = underweight
20 - 25 = normal
25 - 30 = overweight
30 + = fat
So, according to the formula, people are classed as fat if they have a body mass index over 30. They are overweight if it is 25 - 30.
Reasons to Get Fat
Fat functions as energy reservoir. It is 1aid down when food is plentiful and then converted back to energy when needed. Normal levels of fat are not a problem for the body. In fact, they're necessary for it to function smoothly.
On a basic level, people become fat when their caloric intake is higher than their calorie expenditure. However, a host of factors complicate this picture. An individual's genetics, metabolism, culture and lifestyle. all have a role to play.
Where is Fat Stored in the Body？
Most fat is stored under the skin. But there is also some on top of your kidneys and inside your liver and muscles. Other body parts that gather fat depend on your gender:
•adult men: chest, waist
•adult women: breasts, waist and hips
Fat tissue is made up of fat cells. These are like tiny plastic bags that hold droplets of fat. Fat cells are only formed in our childhood. They start growing while we are in our mothers' pregnancy. The next stage of generation is during puberty (青春期), when the sex hormones are triggered. It defines the areas in which the fat cells grow. The amount of fat the body wants to store is thought to be proportional to the total number of fat cells.
After puberty, we do not grow any more fat cells. Our ceils just expand or shrink to accommodate the fat inside our bodies.
The problem with Childhood Fat
If a child becomes fat their body processes can change. Some of these may Be difficult or even impossible to alter in adulthood.
Fat ceils are laid down in the first few years of life. If fat is stored quickly, more fat cells are created. So a fat child can have up to three times as many as a normal child. Eventually, fat cells stop multiplying and an adult has a fixed number for the rest of their life. The existing cells simply enlarge or shrink to accommodate more fat.
Health problems for kids — Few health problems are observed in obsess children. But they may develop conditions that cause problems later in life, such as high blood pressure.
They may also suffer from "sleep apnoea (呼吸暂停)". When this happens, soft tissue in the throat blocks the airways during sleep. This can stop their breathing for up to a minute. This process can happen hundreds of times a night, leading to heart disease, memory problems, headaches and fatigue.
Diabetes risk Some fat children may develop type Ⅱ diabetes. Normally this condition only starts much later in life. When it strikes, the body stops being able to process sugar properly and the cells are starved of energy. Type Ⅱ diabetes cannot be cured, but it can be treated. It may lead to complications such as nerve damage, heart disease, kidney disease and blindness. Children with this condition will have to live with it all their lives, increasing the chance of complications.
What Treatments Are Available？
New drugs — Current weigh-loss drugs are mainly amphetamine (安非他明，一种药品) based. They increase the amount of some hormones in the blood, lowering hunger levels. However, they are not s
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第7题
Is that 6 a.m. wokeout getting in the way of good sleep？ Don't think your fat cell
s won't notice. A new study published in The Annals of Internal Medicine (a medical journal) finds that inadequate shut-eye has a harmful effect on fat cells, reducing their ability to respond to insulin (胰岛素) by about 30 percent. Over the long-term, this decreased response could set the stage for type-2 diabetes (a medical condition in which someone has too much sugar in his or her blood), fatty liver disease and weight gain.
点击查看答案
The study adds to a growing body of evidence that there' “an intimate relationship between the amount of sleep we get and our ability to maintain a good, healthy body weight,” says sleep expert Helene Emsellem, director of the Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders in Chevy Chase, Maryland. But Americans don't seem to be getting the message that we need seven to nine hours par night. More than 1 in 5 of us, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is getting six or fewer hours of sleep per night, on average.
So how did researchers study fat cells in the Annals paper？ Matthew Brady of the University of Chicago and a group of colleagues selected and persuaded seven volunteers to take part in the research project. They were all young, thin and healthy and agreed to sleep for eight nights in a sleep lab. “For four nights they were allowed to stay in bed for 8.5 hours a night,” says Brady. Then, a month later, they came back for four additional nights——but this time they were allowed just 4.5 hours of sleep per night. And after each visit, researchers got a sample of their fat. Brady explains that the fat cells responded significantly to the loss of sleep. “I was very surprised to be honest,” he says.
Bad things can happen when fat cells become less responsive to insulin. “Fat cells are actually your friend,” he says. “They're there to store lipids (血脂).” When lipids stay inside the cells, your body can utilize the fat when you're exercising or sleeping or going about your day. “However, when fat cells stare to become insulin resistant, the lipids star to leach out of the fat cells and rise in the bloodstream,” Brady says.
1. According to the passage, lack of sleep for a long while can probably lead to all of the following EXCEPT {A; B; C}.
A. heart disease
B. weight gain
C. diabetes
2. The main idea of the third paragraph is {A; B; C}.
A. how to write a medical research paper
B. how to avoid sleep loss
C. how the research was conducted
3. What does the “leach” in the last paragraph probably mean？{A; B; C}
A. Leap.
B. Lead.
C. Leak.
4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage？{A; B; C}
A. We will be in trouble if our fat cells become less responsive to insulin.
B. More and more studies are done to study the link between sleep and weight.
C. More than 20% of Americans are not getting enough sleep.
5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage？{A; B; C}
A. Poor Sleep May Lead to Too Much Stored Fat and Disease
B. Sleep Experts Had Exciting Findings in a Fat Study
C. Americans Should Have More Than Six Hours of Sleep
第8题
For most people, fat is a burden. It doesn't really matter where it appears, we just don't
want it. But it turns out that our bodies also make a unique form. of fat tissue that behaves remarkably unlike any other: rather than storing excess energy, this fat actually burns through it. It's called brown fat and health experts confirm for the first time that healthy adults have stores of this tissue, which researchers hope to study further as a potential new weight-loss treatment.
点击查看答案
Human newborns have been known to have any significant deposits of brown fat, so called because of its abnormally high concentration of dark---colored mitochondria (线粒体), the engines that sustain cell activity. The primary purpose of brown fat is to regulate body temperature: the mitochondria-packed cells are designed to burn high quantities of sugar, and release that energy as heat a mechanism that newborns rely on to keep themselves toasty.
As people age, however, the body becomes better at regulating temperature, so brown-fat stores shrink and white fat starts to emerge. A research team in Sweden has found that healthy adults retain a sizable amount of fat in the front and back of the neck expressing the same proteins as brown fat.
Identifying the presence of brown fat is one thing, but activating it to burn more sugar is another. Two studies confirmed that brown-fat cells become more active in the cold. But before we consider joining the Polar Bear Club, can brown fat actually cause weight loss？ Brown fat may indeed allow a person to burn more calories (卡路里) with the same amount of consumption. On the basis of animal models, researchers calculate that 50g of brown fat could burn about 20% daily calorie an average person takes in. Leaner people tended to have more brown-fat deposits than overweight individuals. Interestingly, women were 'twice as likely as men to have active brown fat.
Still, the findings don't necessarily mean that activating brown fat leads to a slimmer waist. For one thing, the body is especially good at maintaining balance, which is why a boost in calorie-burning can often make it hunger signal and prompt people to eat more to make up for the loss. And even if drug companies could find a way to activate (刺激) brown fat safely, that excess activity could throw off other metabolic (新陈代谢的) systems and damage your health.
Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Para. 1？
A．All the people don't like fat at all.
B．All fat is a kind of tissue storing excess energy.
C．Brown fat has a unique function that any other fat issue doesn't have.
D．Brown fat can provide a new way to lose weight.
第9题
It is an understood fact that water helps mobilize soluble nutrients, transport waste mate
rials and regulates body temperature. 【C1】______ consumption can result in elevated blood pressure and increased amounts of【C2】______in blood. Water also helps in the transportation and 【C3】______of fat cells in the body. Our competitive lifestyles have【C4】______us to eating junk foods containing empty calories of zero nutritional value. This exhausts the natural reserves of nutrients and only ends up【C5】______increased amounts of fat. Natural foodstuffs,【C6】______the human body, are also made up of water. These foods are packed with nutrients in their watery bases and are perfect【C7】______for deep fried and processed foods.【C8】______the inclusion of water-based fruits and vegetables like carrots, apples, water melons, lemon, grapes, kiwi, spinach, cucumber and radishes, one is said to【C9】______as much as 800 calories per day. The logic behind water dense foods is the fact that, they will【C10】______ the body without causing it additional harm. 【C11】______, the nutrients they contain will【C12】______the natural reserves and help make physical functions better. 【C13】______water aids in easier and faster digestion of food, it is responsible for resulting in a high【C14】______. This, in turn, helps in burning fat. However, knowing how much water to consume to【C15】______weight loss is essential. It is believed that every 1 kilogram of body weight requires at least 0.033 litres of water to maintain 【C16】______physical functions. So, an average male weighing 60 kilograms, needs to drink at least 2 litres of water to be able to shed weight 【C17】______. Drinking at least 3 glasses of cold water every morning【C18】______breakfast, will set your metabolism(新陈代谢)【C19】______. This will keep burning the fat cells throughout the day, even【C20】______resting.
点击查看答案
【C1】
A．Adequate
B．Inadequate
C．Sufficient
D．Abnormal
第10题
Scientists say they have found a way to turn body fat into a better type of fat that burns
off calories and weight. The US Johns Hopkins team made the【C1】______in rats but believe the same could be done in humans, offering the hope of a new way to treat obesity. 【C2】______the expression of a protein linked to【C3】______not only reduced the animals calorie intake and weight, but also【C4】______their fat composition. Brown fat is【C5】______in babies, which they use as a【C6】______source to generate body heat,【C7】______calories at the same time. But as we age our brown fat largely【C8】______and gets replaced by "bad" white fat, which【C9】______sits as a spare tyre around the waist. "We will need a lot more work to tease this out, but it could offer a(n)【C10】______way to develop new treatments for obesity", an expert said. Experts have【C11】______that stimulating the body to make more brown fat【C12】______white fat could be a helpful way to control weight and【C13】______obesity and its related health problems. Various teams have been searching for a way to do this, and Dr Sheng Bi and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine believe they may have cracked it. They designed an experiment to see【C14】______suppressing an appetite-stimulating protein called NPY would decrease body weight in rats. When they silenced NPY in the brains of the rats they found their appetite and food【C15】______decreased. Even when the rats were fed a very【C16】______, high-fat diet they still managed to keep more weight【C17】______than rats who had fully functioning NPY. The scientists then checked the fat【C18】______of the rats and found an interesting change had occurred. In the rats with silenced NPY expression, some of the bad white fat had been replaced with good brown fat. The researchers are【C19】______that it may be possible to achieve the same effect in people by injecting brown fat stem cells【C20】______the skin to burn white fat and stimulate weight loss.
点击查看答案
【C1】
A．time
B．breakthrough
C．accomplishment
D．effort
