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The function of genetic testing is to ______.
A．enable people to change genes
B．help people to create good genes
C．predict diseases people may have
D．detect what diseases people have accurately
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A、One gene may have mutliple functions.
B、One gene is responsible for a sigle behavior.
C、A sigle behavior is controlled by many genes.
D、Shift in the function of a gene during evolution.
A．To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
B．To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
C．To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
D．To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell
E．To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells
According to the speaker, small-molecule therapy can be used to ______.
A．replace genes not functioning properly in the body
B．increase the number of genes working properly in the body
C．modify the function of some genes in the body
D．replace genes absent in the body
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Today, an estimated two-thirds of all products in supermarkets contain genetically-engineered ingredients, including tortilla chips, drink mixes, taco shells, veggie burgers, muffin mix, and baby formulas. However, only one-third of Americans are aware that their food contain genetically-engineered ingredients, despite the findings of surveys that 85 to 90% of consumers want clear labeling of all genetically-engineered foods. Because labeling is not yet required by government regulations, nor practiced by biotech companies, there is no way for consumers to know what it is that they are eating. The public has not been adequately educated of the presence of genetically-modified ingredients in their diets and the possible risks that these foods may entail, and hence, they have been disempowered in their fights to make informed choices.
Furthermore, the inadequate efforts to educate the public on genetic engineering have been sketchy at best, as some genetic scientists have been presenting the complex process of genetic modification to the public as a simple operation. They have been erroneously giving the impression that "... one gene controls one character trait, and transferring the gene results in the transfer of the corresponding trait to the genetically-modified organism, which can then pass it on indefinitely to future generations". However, the process of genetic modification is random and can cause damage in normal genes when imperfections in the genetic code of one organism are unknowingly passed to the receiving organism. Such publications promoting "public understanding" also do not include relevant findings that show that genes function in an "... extremely complex, interconnected network, so that ultimately, the expression of each gene depends on that of every other". The introduced gene may act differently when working within its new environment. For example, there are "position effects", which can lead to unpredictable changes in the pattern of gene expression and genetic function, such as production of potentially toxic products.
The credibility of these geneticists is also questionable because almost all established molecular geneticists have "... some industrial ties, thus limiting what they can research on, particularly with regard to safety". The connections between big business and genetically- modified foods is an issue in and of itself, as it seems that biotech companies have put economic gains before safety concerns. Because the current state of biotechnology is one of misinformation and lack of information, there are moral/ethical questions raised about the responsibility of these companies, as well as the government, to regulate these industries and protect the public.
There is no way of knowing the overall, long-term effects of genetically-engineered foods on human health. This unpredictability appears to be causing the most controversy over genetically-modified foods, as there is insufficient evidence and need for further research. Moreover, the current claims for genetic engineering are misleading, and there appears to be much ignorance and/or corruption at the top with the biotech corporations, as well as the government, which seem to be more interested in short-term economic gains than in properly informing and protecting the people.
Most Americans______.
A．buy genetically-engineered foods
B．know the foods they buy are genetically engineered
C．want genetically-modified foods to be clearly labeled
D．eat genetically-modified foods
The identification of disease-related genes has led to an increase in the number of available genetic tests that detect disease or an individual's risk of disease. New tests arc being developed to detect colon cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions. Scientists are concerned not only that gene tests offered are reliable, but also that patients and health care professionals understand the limitations of such testing. The disclosure of test results could inflict psychological harm to a patient if safe and effective interventions are not also available.
Gene testing involves examining a person's DNA-taken from cells "in a sample of blood or, occasionally, from other body fluids or tissues—for some anomaly that flags a disease or disorder. In addition to studying genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the presence or absence of key proteins that signal aberrant genes.
The most widespread type of genetic testing is newborn screening. Each year in the United States, four million newborn infants have blood samples tested for abnormal or missing gene products. Some tests look for abnormal arrangements of the chemical bases in the gene itself, while other tests detect inborn errors by verifying the absence of a protein that the cell needs to function normally. Carrier testing can be used to help couples to learn if they carry—and thus risk passing to their children. Genetic tests—biochemical and DNA-based—also are widely available for the prenatal diagnosis of conditions such as Down syndrome.
Much of the current excitement in gene testing centers on predictive gene testing: tests that identify people who are at risk of getting a disease, before any symptoms appear. Tests are already available in research programs for some two dozen diseases, and as more disease genes are discovered, more gene tests can be expected.
Tests for a few rare cancers are already in clinical use. Predictive gene tests for more common types of cancer are still primarily a research tool, difficult to execute and available only through research programs to small numbers of people who have a strong family history of disease. But the field of gene testing is evolving rapidly, with new genes being discovered almost daily and innovations in testing arriving almost as quickly.
Scientists argue that the genetic testing is not perfect partly because______.
A．it chiefly centers on predictive gene testing
B．the health care for patients is not professional
C．it may arouse the patients' discomfort mentally
D．it involves the DNA test and biochemistry
【填空题】AV Clip 7:cause3 Is Autism GeneticAV 7.mp4 Watch the video clip three times and complete each statement according to the information from the video clip. So is autism a (1) ____________________？ Now this is something that has been researched and they are definitely genetic conditions that are associated with autism. Something like (2) __________________X. And that is a testing that is done in children often diagnosed with autism. It is rare but there's an abnormality in the (3) ____________________being transmitted. That is an issue in some children, however, this is a very small (4) ___________________of children who get diagnosed with autism who actually have a fragile X problem. There are other medical conditions which are genetically known but the understanding is that it is not one gene, but there are (5) _______________ genes and it's probably a host of little differences whether you call them denovo (6) _________________or changes that take place, or single nucleotide polymorphisms called snips, which can contribute and work together as a (7) ______________to cause a difference in the immune system, in themethylation cycles and in so many other areas that are important in the neurochemistry and the neurobiology of the brain. So there is underlying genetic differences and it is interesting that some of the genes that have been associated with autism are also involved with (8) ______________function, with immune function and a huge amount of research is coming out in this area. Something simple not just with major genes but genes that code for (9) ______________this is going to get a little complex as I use words like the creation of folic acid has to be converted to folinic acid and you need MTHFR, methyltetrahydrofolate reductase, which is an enzyme that converts the (10) ____________acid to folinic acid. And children with the autism spectrum often can have one or two of the LLS, or pieces missing in the creation of this enzyme and if this enzyme is not working effectively you may have some issues in the creation of folic acid which you need for your brain and for a neurotransmitter functioning which is important for the creation of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine... I'm going into major chemistry here but that's what genetics involves. So it's not just a simple gene but it's a cascade of genes and it's not just the major genetics, the major chromosomes that we're talking about but the sub areas the DNA creation of even enzymes and the genetic variations at that level that may be involved or that are involved and need to be researched and worked with in children with an autism spectrum disorder.
With an understanding of human proteins (or the proteome), scientists will be able to fight disease on many fronts. For example, scientists at the Center for Proteome Analysis in Odense, Denmark, have isolated a protein, galectin, that may fight diabetes. Diabetes seems to be caused when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are inadvertently killed by the body's immune system.
The Danish scientists spent years analyzing the proteins present in diabetes-prone and diabetes-resistant cells, and they tentatively concluded that galectin protects diabetes-prone cells from being attacked by the immune system. Preliminary animal tests, in which the galectin gene has been inserted into diabetes-prone cells, seem to confirm the hypothesis.
Effective cancer drugs may also arise from a deeper understanding of genes and proteins, says Ken Carter, president of Therapeutic Genomics, one of the many biotech companies working to devise new drugs based on genetic knowledge. Soon, scientists will be able to quickly and accurately compare cancer tissue with normal tissue to see which genes are "switched on" and making proteins and which genes are not, he says.
"If you found a gene that was highly expressed in prostate cancer cells but not other tissues, you could deduce that gene was involved in prostate cancer," according to Carter. "We would try to develop in the lab a way to block the expression of that gene." One possibility would be a "small molecule" drug that would attach to and inactivate that gene's protein.
Finally, drugs themselves will likely become safer and more effective because they will be tailored to an individual's genetic ability to process medicines, predicts Robert Waterston, director of the Human Genome Project sequencing center at Washington University in St. Louis.
In the future, a blood test could show how much of a particular drug-processing enzyme a person has, Waterston explains. The doctor would then adjust the dose accordingly or prescribe a drug custom designed for that person's genetic makeup. This new field, called pharmacogenomics, should eliminate many of the drug side effects that result from our current, cruder methods of determining dosage.
According to the text, the function of genes is ______.
A．to plan for making proteins
B．to determine the kind of protein it makes
C．like that of building blocks
D．to carry out the myriad activities
Using HIV Virus to Cure Cancer
Scientists are planning to use human immunodeficiency (免疫缺陷) virus (HIV), one of mankind's most feared viruses, as a carrier of genes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured. The experts say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avoid the body's immune (免疫的) defenses, making it ideal for carrying replacement genes into patients' bodies, according to the Observer.
A team at the California-based Salk Institute, one of the world's leading research centers on biological sciences, has created a special new breed of HIV and has started negotiations with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin clinical gene therapy (治疗) trials this year. The first trials are expected to involve patients suffering from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would have "far wider applications".
The plan remains very likely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a virus which has caused more than 22 million deaths around the world in the past two decades. Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose was "shocking" but the fierce nature of HIV had disappeared by having all six of the potentially deadly genes removed.
Illnesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patient's body fails to work properly. In the past two years, breakthroughs in genetics (遗传学) have led gene therapy scientists to try and replace the genes that do not function normally.
Unfortunately, the body's immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier.
The HIV virus has the ability to escape from, and then destroy, the immune defense cells designed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way of secretly conveying replacement genes into patients' bodies.
FDA has approved the plan of using HIV to cure cancer in humans.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Using HIV Virus to Cure Cancer
Scientists are planning to use human immunodeficiency (免疫缺陷) virus (HIV), one of mankind's most feared viruses, as a carrier of genes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured, The experts say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avoid the body's immune (免疫的) defenses, making it ideal for carrying replacement genes into patients' bodies, according to the Observer,
A team at the California-based Salk Institute, one of the world's loading research centers on biological sciences, has created a special new breed of HIV and has started negotiations with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin clinical gene therapy (治疗) trials this year. The first trials are expected to involve patients suffering from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would have "far wider applications".
The plan remains very likely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a virus which has caused more than 22 million deaths around the world in the past two decades. Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose was "shocking" but the fierce nature of HIV had disappeared by having all six of the potentially deadly genes removed.
I'll nesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patient's body fails to work properly. In the past two years, breakthroughs in genetics (遗传学) have led gene therapy scientists to try and replace the genes that do not function normally.
Unfortunately, the body's immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier.
The HIV virus has the ability to escape from, and then destroy, the immune defense cells designed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way of secretly conveying replacement genes into patients' bodies.
第 16 题 FDA has approved the plan of using HIV to cure cancer in humans.
A．Right
B． Wrong
C． Not mentioned
It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson' s early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don' t cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse," says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. "
At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV pa tients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children' s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children' s Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.
But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystro-phy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea," says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work. "
The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to
A．show the promise of gene-therapy
B．give an example of modem treatment for fatal diseases
C．introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
D．explain how gene-based treatment works
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